5G? IoT? Fiber Deep? 600G? We Are ready for networking at 2019!
For years we have all been talking about the emergence of 5G services, the Internet of Things (IoT) and the new high-capacity, low-latency network architectures that will be needed to support the resulting onslaught of bandwidth. Higher-speed data rates are critical to electronic evolution and revolution.
Here are some of my collection of newest trends and predictions for year 2018. have picked and mixed here quotations from many articles (linked to source) with some of my own additions to make this posting.
5G: The most newsworthy stories in wireless today are all about 5G. In 2019, we enter a cautious, early-adoption phase of this next generation of wireless technology. 2019 will be the year when we see the first commercial networks turning on and first handsets arriving in the market. Only a small number of users will get a first taste of 5G in specific geographic locations, using specific applications, none of which are ubiquitous or cost-optimized. For more details read my 5G trends for 2019 posting.
Deep fiber: Deep deployment of fiber optics into national network infrastructure might not be as glamorous as the eagerly anticipated launch of fifth-generation mobile networks (5G); however, it is just as important—maybe even more important. Wired broadband access supports as much as 90 percent of all internet traffic even though the majority of traffic ultimately terminates on a wireless device. Wireline and wireless networks are driving new architectures to support the move from 4G LTE to 5G infrastructure. In fact, 5G relies heavily on fiber infrastructure. Service providers in the access market are talking about the evolution of their plants to a Fiber Deep (FD) Architecture. FD architectures move the optical node (the optical-to-electrical conversion point) deeper into the network and closer to the subscriber. This means shorter copper, faster speed, more capacity and reduction in maintenance cost for both cable TV network and telephone line based access networks.
Ethernet: Faster Ethernet speeds are taken to use. These transitions are driven by the increasing global IP traffic. Hyper-scalers and service providers are moving from 100GbE to 400GbE Ethernet rates and beyond. In this speed development 56Gb/s And 112Gb/s SerDes Matter.
TSN: Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) is a set of standards under development by the Time-Sensitive Networking task group of the IEEE 802.1 working group. TSN standards documents that are specified by IEEE 802.1 can be grouped into three basic key component categories that are time synchronization; scheduling and traffic shaping; selection of communication paths, path reservations and fault-tolerance. Industrial Ethernet networks embrace time-sensitive networking (TSN) technology to integrate operational technology (OT) and information technology (IT).
SDN: Software-defined networking (SDN) technology is an approach to cloud computing that facilitates network management and enables programmatically efficient network configuration in order to improve network performance and monitoring. SD-WAN applies similar technology to a wide area network (WAN). SD-WAN allows companies to build higher-performance WANs using lower-cost and commercially available Internet access, enabling businesses to partially or wholly replace more expensive private WAN connection technologies such as MPLS.
IPv6: IPv4 and IPv6 are the two Protocols Run the Internet in 2019. The long-forecasted day the internet runs out of addresses has arrived and it marks a paradigm shift in the internet’s evolution. Though IPv6 has been available globally since 2012, it has seen a slow, if increasing, adoption rate. The migration to IPv6 is inevitable but will take time during that both systems are in use. In many networks a notable amount of traffic is already IPv6.
New Internet protocols: Internet security gets a boost with TLS 1.3. Also HTTP is in process of switching to a protocol layered on top of UDP. Today’s HTTP (versions 1.0, 1.1, and 2) are all layered on top of TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) that is not very optimal in today’s applications as SSL over TCP requires subsequent round trips to establish the encrypted connection.
IoT: The IoT world is here, and the level and rate of convergence is increasing in volume and velocity. We will see the evolution of converged networks for IoT applications in mind. Network convergence (version 2.0) is here with changes and improvements made since the first converged network (Convergence 1.0). TIA TR-42 (Telecommunications Cabling Systems ANSI/TIA-568 family), BICSI (TDMM and others) and proprietary or third documents must adapt and adjust.
PoE: The IEEE 802.3bt standard, approved by the IEEE Standards Association Board on September 27, 2018, included some significant enhancements especially for LED lighting systems. This specification allows for up to 90W of delivered power for cable lengths of up to 100m through the use of all four pairs of wires.
Trade wars: It seem that there is a high tech “trade war” between USA and China. It affects specifically networking business. Big Chinese manufacturers Huawei and ZTE are have received sanctions and their products are not wanted by many countries citing their business practices and potential security nightmares. For example Japan to halt buying Huawei, ZTE equipment and Huawei has been under fire in UK, just to mention examples. It seems that the business that is lost by Huawei and ZTE could benefit Ericsson and Nokia in the 5G base station markets for short term.
Security: The internet is going to hell and its creators want your help fixing it. All agree on one thing however: Right now there is a serious battle for heart and minds, the future of the internet and global society itself. There seems to be need for a conference to address the fact that people increasingly see tech as a threat and no longer as a pure force for good. Government set to revise internal rules on procurement to protect national cybersecurity. Your DNS might be broken, and you don’t even know it. Some DNS old hacks gets thrown out of use by February 1st, 2019.
WiFi: WiFi technology gets new marketing naming. The numerical sequence includes: Wi-Fi 6 to identify devices that support 802.11ax technology, Wi-Fi 5 to identify devices that support 802.11ac technology, Wi-Fi 4 to identify devices that support 802.11n technology.
Faster mobile: Mobile networks are getting faster in many countries. Mobile networks are killing Wi-Fi for speed around the world. Average data speeds on mobile networks now outpace customer’s Wi-Fi connection, on average, in 33 countries. That’s the The State of Wifi vs Mobile Network Experience as 5G Arrives.
Energy efficiency: We need to develop more energy efficient networking technologies. Today, information and communication technologies globally consume 8% of electricity and doubles every year.
1,186 Comments
Tomi Engdahl says:
Currently, Charter is not allowed to impose data caps on customers. This restriction was a requirement of its 2016 merger with Time Warner and the protection is set to expire on May 18, 2023. Charter has petitioned to end the protection two years early, in May 2021. Charter’s argument for dissolving the agreement is straightforward: Charter should be allowed to put data caps in place because Netflix and other video-on-demand services are popular and growing rapidly. Its competitors are allowed to use data caps, so Charter should be allowed to deploy them as well. Here’s the company’s argument:
Contrary to Stop The Cap’s assertion that consumers “hate” data caps, the marketplace currently shows that broadband service plans incorporating data caps or other usage-based pricing mechanisms are often popular when the limits are sufficiently high to satisfy the vast majority of users.
Charter Lies to FCC, Says Its Customers Love Data Caps
https://www.extremetech.com/internet/313684-charter-lies-to-fcc-claims-customers-love-data-caps
Currently, Charter is not allowed to impose data caps on customers. This restriction was a requirement of its 2016 merger with Time Warner and the protection is set to expire on May 18, 2023. Charter has petitioned to end the protection two years early, in May 2021.
As a current Charter customer who is protected from a data cap: Charter is lying through its teeth. No human being I’ve ever met has liked data caps. Furthermore, most Americans have either one or two ISPs available to choose from in their local markets. If both your local ISPs deploy data caps, that doesn’t make data caps popular. It just means ISPs have engaged in abusive, rent-seeking behavior. Earlier this summer, Cox acknowledged throttling entire neighborhoods if a single person in the neighborhood used more bandwidth than Cox thought an unlimited service should provide.
Customers do not love data caps. Customers accept data caps because they have no choice but to do so. The company literally tries to claim that not being allowed to put data caps on a plan is harmful because it is prevented from “keeping pace with its competitors and offering consumers the kinds of plans they are looking for.”
The idea that customers are somehow being shortchanged because Charter isn’t allowed to squeeze them for overage fees is a lie. It’s the same lie that drives online advertising, website data collection policies, and a vast number of supposedly user-friendly services. In every case, the company in question will float a handful of examples of how their service can be useful, while ignoring just how rare those examples are.
Tomi Engdahl says:
SpaceX Starlink speeds revealed as beta users get downloads of 11 to 60Mbps. Ookla tests aren’t showing the gigabit speeds SpaceX teased, but it’s early.
https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2020/08/spacex-starlink-beta-tests-show-speeds-up-to-60mbps-latency-as-low-as-31ms/
Tomi Engdahl says:
Analyzing customer data in an attempt to understand and prevent user churn is one of the top-level priorities of #telecom companies. In such a tough market, having the right #marketinganalytics tools to execute this analysis and get ideas on how to reduce churn could be a huge asset. Read more
https://blog.adverity.com/big-data-analytics-reducing-customer-churn-telecommunications?utm_campaign=EN+%7C+Telco+%7C+Traffic+%7C+Chrun+Blogpost&utm_source=facebook&utm_medium=paid&hsa_acc=100437940101357&hsa_cam=6190981873952&hsa_grp=6194484471952&hsa_ad=6194484472152&hsa_src=fb&hsa_net=facebook&hsa_ver=3
Customer churn is a key topic in the telecoms industry. With a constantly increasing competition from a wide range of industry players, it has become extremely difficult to secure customer loyalty. Traditional wireline telcos are facing increasing competition from cable operators, as well as innovative OTT businesses that stream low-cost audio, video, and comms services over IP.
On top of that, it’s getting harder to differentiate products and services based on network quality or handset options, and the rapid rate of product refreshes only helps to encourage consumer churn.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Tethered drones could improve the efficiency of cellular and internet networks, providing more coverage in remote rural areas.
Unleashing the potential of tethered drones
https://discovery.kaust.edu.sa/en/article/987/unleashing-the-potential-of-tethered-drones?utm_source=facebook&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=cpub-2020Q3
Wire-connected drones may complement or replace the fixed base stations of cellular communications networks.
The use of tethered unmanned aerial vehicles (TUAVs) has been modeled as a powerful new tool for improving cellular phone and internet networks. When employed as flying base stations with a cable connection, multirotor drones promise to quickly ramp up coverage, increase the efficiency of urban networks and provide much needed access in remote rural areas.
“Our aim has been to show that TUAVs offer a very appealing solution as a bridge between fixed base stations and free-flying drones,”
Tomi Engdahl says:
Jeff Bezos’ answer to Elon Musk’s space endeavors could be the start of an ongoing scramble for extraterrestrial communications supremacy.
Amazon’s Project Kuiper is More Than the Company’s Response to SpaceX
https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/aerospace/satellites/amazons-project-kuiper-is-more-than-the-companys-response-to-spacex
Amazon cleared an important hurdle when the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) announced on 30 July that the company was authorized to deploy and operate its Kuiper satellite constellation. The authorization came with the caveat that Amazon would still have to demonstrate that Kuiper would not interfere with previously authorized satellite projects, such as SpaceX’s Starlink.
Even with the FCC’s caveat, it’s tempting to imagine that the idea of putting a mega-constellation of thousands of satellites in low-Earth orbit to provide uninterrupted broadband access anywhere on Earth will become a battle between Jeff Bezos’ Kuiper and Elon Musk’s Starlink. After all, even in space, how much room can there be for two mega-constellations, let alone additional efforts like that of the recently-beleaguered OneWeb? But some experts suggest that Amazon’s real play will come from its ability to vertically integrate Kuiper into the rest of the Amazon ecosystem—an ability SpaceX cannot match with Starlink.
Tomi Engdahl says:
CMOS Plus On-Chip Electro-Optical Interconnect Zooms Past 2 Tb/s
https://www.electronicdesign.com/technologies/analog/article/21139195/cmos-plus-onchip-electrooptical-interconnect-zooms-past-2-tbs?utm_source=EG+ED+Analog+%26+Power+Source&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=CPS200814029&o_eid=7211D2691390C9R&rdx.ident%5Bpull%5D=omeda%7C7211D2691390C9R&oly_enc_id=7211D2691390C9R
A highly advanced management of electronics, CMOS, and optical physics is pushing system-in-package designs past the terabit-per-second boundary in this DARPA-sponsored project with Ayar Labs and Intel.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Airspan Banks on ON Semi’s Wi-Fi 6 Chipsets for Fixed Wireless Access Applications
ON Semiconductor’s QCS-AX Wi-Fi 6 chipsets bring reliability and scalability to Airspan’s next-generation FWAs
https://www.mwrf.com/technologies/systems/article/21136234/airspan-banks-on-on-semis-wifi-6-chipsets-for-fixed-wireless-access-applications?utm_source=RF+MWRF+Today&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=CPS200708031&o_eid=7211D2691390C9R&rdx.ident%5Bpull%5D=omeda%7C7211D2691390C9R&oly_enc_id=7211D2691390C9R
Tomi Engdahl says:
Google is trying to secretly test a 6GHz network in 17 different states, according to a batch of FCC filings. But exactly what Google is trying to test is unclear.
Google wants to experiment with 6GHz spectrum to “produce technical information relevant to the utility of these frequencies for providing reliable broadband connections.” The company also says it expects the experiments to take place over 24 months, and has asked permission to do the tests in 26 cities and towns across 17 states — including Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, Nevada, New York, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, Texas, Utah, and Virginia.
Google is trying to test a secret 6GHz network in 17 different states
https://www.theverge.com/2020/8/17/21372797/google-fcc-test-6ghz-network-17-states
FCC filings reveal that the company wants to test something with the 6GHz spectrum
Google is trying to secretly test a 6GHz network in 17 different states, according to a batch of FCC filings spotted by Business Insider. But exactly what Google is trying to test is unclear.
Here’s a few things we do know. Google wants to experiment with 6GHz spectrum to “produce technical information relevant to the utility of these frequencies for providing reliable broadband connections.”
The “providing reliable broadband connections” language could suggest that Google wants to experiment with some kind of home internet service — perhaps a potential future offering under the Google Fiber Webpass banner.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Elon Muskin satelliittinetti ei vielä vastaa lupauksiin
https://etn.fi/index.php/13-news/11041-elon-muskin-satelliittinetti-ei-viela-vastaa-lupauksiin
Elon Muskin SpaceX-yritys rakentaa globaalia satelliittiverkkoon pohjautuvaa internetjärjestelmää. Musk on itse hehkuttanut Starlink-verkon olevan ”kuidun korvaaja”. Nyt verkkoon on tullut ensimmäisiä nopeusmittauksia beetatestaajilta.
Reddit-keskustelualueille on raportoitu ensitestaajien Ookla-nopeusmittauksia. Tulosten mukaan Starlinkin 550 kilometrin korkeudessa kulkevilla satelliiteilla on ylletty 30-60 megabitin datanopeuksiin.
Tulos on vähintään kohtuullinen, vaikkei se Muskin ”kuituhehkutukseen” vastaakaan. Yhteyden latenssilukemat ovat olleet 30-100 millisekunnin luokkaa ja joillakin testaajilla jopa 20 millisekuntia. Kaikkiin aiempiin satelliittidataverkkoihin verrattuna nämä lukemat ovat moninkertaisesti lyhyempiä.
Muskin tavoitteena on virallisesti alle 20 millisekunnin latenssi. Sen myötä satelliittiyhteyden yli voisi pelata pelejä.
SpaceX on saanut luvan lähettää lähes 12 000 satelliittia tulevina vuosina.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Broken RJ45 clip?
This will be a better solution ?https://www.ebay.com/itm/Delock-RJ45-Reparatur-Clip-Starter-Set-Hardware-Electronic-Delock-NEU/164085332150
Tomi Engdahl says:
Brocade’s SDN spinout Lumina Networks to shut down in an orderly fashion
https://www.theregister.com/2020/08/20/lumina_networks_winds_up/
OpenDaylight-based vendor says proprietary networking is still winning and bemoans lack of VC support
Software-defined networking vendor Lumina Networks “has begun an orderly shut-down of business.”
Lumina was created when Brocade spun out its OpenDaylight distribution to private investors even as it was being eaten by Broadcom in 2017.
At the time of the spin-out Lumina CEO Andrew Coward said the company started life with actual customers, real revenue, private backers and the prospect of further funding.
In the company’s shutdown notice an un-named author says “Unfortunately, while many in the telco community applauded our work, and planned deployments, revenue has not followed at the scale required for us to operate and manage a large open source project.”
“Essentially, revenue continued to flow to proprietary vendors. The switch to open source did not take place at a pace anywhere close to the speed that would enable us to operate and grow our business, despite commitments from many to the contrary.”
“We have also found that COVID-19 has actually redirected funds away from automation projects and into building-out raw infrastructure, further delaying adoption,” the post says.
Tomi Engdahl says:
The people of Talea de Castro just wanted reliable cell phone service. Was that too much to ask?
Building Your Own Cellphone Network Can Be Empowering, and Also Problematic
https://spectrum.ieee.org/telecom/wireless/building-your-own-cellphone-network-can-be-empowering-and-problematic
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://www.visualcapitalist.com/global-fiber-optic-network-explained/
Tomi Engdahl says:
Researchers Just Set a New Record For The Fastest Internet Speed Ever
https://www.sciencealert.com/researchers-just-set-a-new-record-for-the-fastest-internet-speed-ever-recorded
The internet has transformed most areas of our lives over the last few decades, and the technology keeps improving: researchers just set a new record for data transmission rates, logging an incredible speed of 178 terabits per second (Tbps).
That’s around a fifth faster than the previous record, set by a team of researchers in Japan, and roughly twice as fast as the best internet available today.
Today’s internet is built on optical fibre routes that use amplifiers to stop the light signals from degrading.
Adding the new technology to the existing amplifiers, spaced around 40-100 kilometres (25-62 miles) apart, would need a fraction of the expenditure that would be needed to replace the actual fibre, the researchers say.
“While current state-of-the-art cloud data-centre interconnections are capable of transporting up to 35 terabits a second, we are working with new technologies that utilise more efficiently the existing infrastructure, making better use of optical fibre bandwidth and enabling a world record transmission rate of 178 terabits a second,”
The bespoke system used a bandwidth of 16.8 terahertz (THz) in a single-fibre core, four times the 4.5 THz used by most of our current network infrastructure.
The new 178 Tbps record is pushing the theoretical limits of what a data transfer network can take.
This idea of squeezing more information through existing pipes is one that many scientists are exploring, trying to strike the balance between getting data shifted as photons of light more quickly, without those photons interfering with each other.
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://spectrum.ieee.org/telecom/wireless/building-your-own-cellphone-network-can-be-empowering-and-problematic
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://futurism.com/4-googles-spanner-is-now-available-on-the-cloud-for-everyone/amp
Tomi Engdahl says:
Demonstrating entanglement through a fiber cable with high fidelity
https://phys.org/news/2020-08-entanglement-fiber-cable-high-fidelity.html
A team of researchers from Heriot-Watt University, the Indian Institute of Technology and the University of Glasgow has demonstrated a way to transport entangled particles through a commercial fiber cable with 84.4% fidelity. In their paper published in the journal Nature Physics, the group describes using a unique attribute of entanglement to achieve such high fidelity. Andrew Forbes and Isaac Nape with the University of Witwatersrand have published a News & Views piece in the same journal issue outlining issues with sending entangled particles across fiber cables and the work done by the team in this new effort.
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-institute/ieee-history/alohanet-introduced-random-access-protocols-to-the-computing-world
Tomi Engdahl says:
Cisco to sell everything-as-a-service – even core networking hardware – and cut costs by a billion bucks
Q4 revenue took a nasty kick in the COVIDs, but profit bounced anyway
https://www.theregister.com/2020/08/13/cisco_to_sell_everythingasaservice_even/
Tomi Engdahl says:
Rainbow wiring
https://www.facebook.com/126000117413375/posts/awesome-ive-always-wanted-to-try-a-rainbow-rack-and-finally-got-the-opportunity-/3763382510341766/
Tomi Engdahl says:
Researchers Just Set a New Record For The Fastest Internet Speed Ever
DAVID NIELD
22 AUGUST 2020
https://www.sciencealert.com/researchers-just-set-a-new-record-for-the-fastest-internet-speed-ever-recorded?fbclid=IwAR3VT7oxQu-HgMypi1xG1ug3HVE5SAMocLmJoS5Uqf_Aw-1YkxB_qawjZBs
The internet has transformed most areas of our lives over the last few decades, and the technology keeps improving: researchers just set a new record for data transmission rates, logging an incredible speed of 178 terabits per second (Tbps).
Tomi Engdahl says:
A team at the Optical Networks Group at University College London has sent 178 terabits per second through a commercial singlemode optical fiber that has been on the market since 2007. That’s enough for all 50 million school kids in the US to be on two Zoom sessions simultaneously.
100 Million Zoom Sessions Over a Single Optical Fiber
https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/telecom/internet/single-optical-fibers-100-million-zoom
Tomi Engdahl says:
Preserve #SignalIntegrity with Ethernet retimers & redrivers Texas Instruments #network #DataCenters #CloudStorage
Preserve signal integrity with Ethernet retimers and redrivers
https://www.edn.com/preserve-signal-integrity-with-ethernet-retimers-and-redrivers/?utm_content=buffera3fe4&utm_medium=social&utm_source=edn_facebook&utm_campaign=buffer
The increasing amount of video consumption on the internet and the proliferation of cloud applications are driving data centers and cloud storage toward 400-Gigabit Ethernet networks and beyond to satisfy network bandwidth demands. As data usage increases so too does the challenge for maintaining signal integrity for high-speed networks on Gigabit Ethernet transmission lines in communication and data-center equipment.
Signals can suffer severe degradation at multigigabit data rates when traversing through PCBs, connectors, and cables. This signal distortion will cause systems to fail Ethernet standard compliance testing and create poor interoperability with other network equipment. Designers often need to use signal conditioners such as redrivers or retimers to maintain satisfactory signal quality and system performance.
There are two types of signal conditioners: Ethernet redrivers and retimers. Which one you choose will depend on the severity of the degradation.
Redrivers
A redriver, as shown in Figure 3, is an analog component used to restore an attenuated input signal through equalization and gain adjustment that then retransmits the signal based on signal standard specifications. Redrivers perform signal conditioning primarily through equalization. They are the simplest and most cost-effective way to combat signal degradation caused by intersymbol interference, while also overcoming the insertion loss introduced by long PCB trace and cable lengths.
Taking a closer look inside a redriver, a continuous time linear equalizer (CTLE) is a circuit often implemented in the receiver side of a redriver. A CTLE provides more gain for high-frequency signals than low-frequency signals in order to compensate for larger losses in higher-frequency components. This enables the equalized signal to have a more uniform frequency response over the channel.
Optionally, a redriver’s transmitter can include de-emphasis or pre-emphasis functions to provide preemptive signal distortion to compensate for the channel loss. De-emphasis attenuates the low-frequency components of the signal, while pre-emphasis boosts up the high-frequency component of the signal to achieve an equalized channel response.
A redriver can be a linear redriver if the output signal amplitude is a linear function or directly proportional to the input signal amplitude. Otherwise, it is a limiting redriver.
A linear redriver is particularly useful when systems need to use link training to establish the best signal-conditioning settings for each channel. Linear redrivers will pass through link training without blocking the signal wave shape or intentional distortions created by the transmitter.
Retimers
A retimer, as shown in Figure 5, is a more complex signal conditioner than a redriver and usually includes an equalization function, as well as a clock data recovery (CDR) function. These features compensate not only for intersymbol interference but can also clean up random jitter, crosstalk, and reflections.
The clock data recovery component inside the retimer will recover the data and extract a clean clock. CDR can compensate for phase-delay variations and random jitter, and eliminate additional deterministic jitter from the input channel in order to provide the best output signal quality.
Redrivers are typically used for compensating channel losses as high as 20 dB. If more severe signal degradation or channel losses are present due to timing and phase jitter, a retimer is more appropriate because it can compensate for 30 dB to 35 dB of channel loss with jitter removal.
In some cases, designers may consider more costly PCB materials to improve signal quality as an alternative to using signal conditioners.
Tomi Engdahl says:
5 rules for placing fiber-optic cable in underground plant
https://www.cablinginstall.com/ip-security-av/article/14182112/cyberattack-risk-detected-in-faulty-unshielded-ethernet-cables?utm_source=CIM+Weekly&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=CPS200821043&o_eid=7211D2691390C9R&rdx.ident%5Bpull%5D=omeda%7C7211D2691390C9R&oly_enc_id=7211D2691390C9R
A new OFS technical guide covers comprehensive steps for installation of fiber-optic cable in underground plant.
1. Conduct Route Survey and Inspection
“It is recommended that an outside plant engineer conduct a route survey and inspection prior to cable installation. Manholes and ducts should be inspected to determine the optimum splice locations and duct assignments. A detailed installation plan, including cable pulling or blowing locations, intermediate assist points, and cable feed locations should be developed based on the route survey.”
2. Check for Maximum Rated Cable Load
“The maximum rated cable load (MRCL) for most OFS outside plant fiber optic cables is 600 lb; however, the cable documentation should always be checked, because lower values of MRCL may apply for some cables.
3. Define Minimum Bend Diameter
“The minimum bend diameters for OFS cables are defined for both dynamic and static conditions. The dynamic condition applies during installation when a cable may be exposed to the MRCL, e.g., while pulling the cable around a sheave or capstan.”
4. Observe Temperature Limits
“Storage and installation of OFS fiber-optic cable is limited to the temperature ranges. Be aware that solar heating due to sunlight exposure can increase the cable temperature well above the ambient temperature.”
5. Guarantee Underground Optical Cable Precautions
“Before starting any underground cable placing operations, all personnel must be thoroughly familiar with local company safety practices. Practices covering the following procedures should be given special emphasis:
Tomi Engdahl says:
Cyberattack risk detected in faulty unshielded Ethernet cables
https://www.cablinginstall.com/ip-security-av/article/14182112/cyberattack-risk-detected-in-faulty-unshielded-ethernet-cables?utm_source=CIM+Weekly&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=CPS200821043&o_eid=7211D2691390C9R&rdx.ident%5Bpull%5D=omeda%7C7211D2691390C9R&oly_enc_id=7211D2691390C9R
As noted by a report from Catalin Cimpanu for Zero Day this month at ZDNet, a newly discovered type of cyberattack would take advantage of faulty, unshielded Ethernet cables and could theoretically be used to bypass network defenses and attack devices inside closed enterprise networks.
At the Black Hat USA 2020 security conference, a virtual event held Aug. 1-6, researchers and executives from IoT security expert Armis presented details about the new cyberattack technique, which they discovered could plausibly be used to attack devices located inside internal corporate networks. Dubbed “EtherOops,” the technique would target vulnerable Ethernet networking cables, turning them into the attacker’s path.
demonstrated that “the concept of physical layer conditions in which a packet is re-evaluated in transit leading to a packet-in-packet attack has been shown in multiple protocols in the past. However, applying this logic to the Ethernet protocol was only considered a theoretical capability,” as stated by the presentation’s synopis.
The talk went on to demonstrate that “the set of circumstances in which an Ethernet packet-in-packet condition can occur are much wider than previously considered.” The researchers detailed the physical parameters of Ethernet cables “in which the likelihood of a bit-flip is rather high,” and in which this attack can occur within a few minutes. In addition, they explored “the various ways in which interference can be induced in a wide array of Ethernet cable types using certain radio attacks, leading to a remote Ethernet packet-in-packet attack occurring within minutes.”
Lastly, the talk detailed various techniques “in which this attack may be triggered from the Internet, in either 1-click attacks that require a user inside the network to click on a certain link, or certain 0-click attacks that work without any user interaction.”
“Once the packet-in-packet attack occurs, the attacker can take-over devices using previously discovered vulnerabilities, or establish a MiTM position on an organization’s Internet traffic,” concluded the researcher’s synopsis.
As explained by ZDNet’s Cimpanu:
The EtherOops attack is basically a packet-in-packet attack. Packet-in-packet attacks are when network packets are nested inside each other. The outer shell is a benign packet, while the inner one contains malicious code or commands. The outer packet allows the attack payload to slip by initial network defenses, such as firewalls or other security products, while the inner packet attacks devices inside the network. But networking packets don’t typically change their composition and lose their ‘outer shells.’ Here is where the faulty Ethernet cables come into play. Armis says that faulty cables — either due to imperfect cabling, or malicious interference attacks — will suffer from unwanted electrical interference and flip bits inside the actual packet, slowly destroying the outer shell and leaving the internal payload active.
A newly discovered type of cyberattack would take advantage of unshielded Ethernet cables; the so-called ‘EtherOops’ attack could theoretically be used to bypass network defenses and attack devices inside closed enterprise networks.
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/telecom/internet/single-optical-fibers-100-million-zoom
Tomi Engdahl says:
Why Cloud Networking is a must for Flexibility, Scalability, and Visibility
https://pentestmag.com/why-cloud-networking-is-a-must-for-flexibility-scalability-and-visibility/
#pentest #magazine #pentestmag #pentestblog #PTblog #cloud #networking #cybersecurity #infosecurity #infosec
Tomi Engdahl says:
Preserve #SignalIntegrity with Ethernet retimers & redrivers Texas Instruments #network #DataCenters #CloudStorage
https://buff.ly/32zi8qX
Tomi Engdahl says:
KPN to trial fiber-optic cable made from 90% recycled plastic
https://www.cablinginstall.com/cable/article/14182236/kpn-to-trial-fiberoptic-cable-made-from-90-recycled-plastic?utm_source=CIM+Weekly&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=CPS200828038&o_eid=7211D2691390C9R&rdx.ident%5Bpull%5D=omeda%7C7211D2691390C9R&oly_enc_id=7211D2691390C9R
Only 10% new plastic is required to manufacture the sleeve that houses the fiber-optic cable in the trial, says the Dutch mobile and telecommunications provider.
According to the service provider, with the newly developed fiber-optic cable:
Laying the cable is more sustainable because of the innovative 4.5 mm cable in a 10 mm sleeve instead of the conventional 6 mm cable in a 14 mm sleeve. This reduces the volume of plastic used by around 50%. The cable and sleeve are thinner too, so a reel can accommodate more, thereby reducing the number of wooden reels required by 70%. This means that roughly six fewer trucks are needed to deliver the materials for the selected 11,000 connections. The total saving for each connection equates to 760 plastic carrier bags.
Per a KPN statement, the innovation in fiber-optic cabling has been developed and is being tested in collaboration with KPN partners Allinq, Van Gelder Telecom, Prysmian Group and VolkerWessels Telecom. The pilots are to take place in Buitenpost (Friesland) and Nijmegen Dukenburg in the Netherlands. If the results are positive, the innovation will be released for more KPN fiber-optic cable projects.
Tomi Engdahl says:
FOA expands fiber-optic resources for STEM teachers
https://www.cablinginstall.com/cable/article/14182432/foa-expands-fiberoptic-resources-for-stem-teachers?utm_source=CIM+Weekly&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=CPS200828038&o_eid=7211D2691390C9R&rdx.ident%5Bpull%5D=omeda%7C7211D2691390C9R&oly_enc_id=7211D2691390C9R
The FOA announced that it has updated and expanded its “Fiber Optic Projects” resources for teachers, kids and parents.
FOA has always had free resources for STEM teachers in the K-12 range as well as our certification curriculum for technical colleges and professional training. The current need for more online information for students has led us to make some major changes recently to our support programs for teachers.
Several of our fiber-optic classroom projects use plastic optical fiber (POF), which uses a regular laser pointer and a sample of POF available from FOA to show how fiber optics communicates using pulses of light.
Fiber Optics Lesson Plans For STEM Teachers
https://foa.org/PPT/index.html
Tomi Engdahl says:
Facebook and Google drop plans for underwater cable to Hong Kong after
security warnings
https://www.zdnet.com/article/facebook-and-google-drop-plans-for-underwater-cable-to-hong-kong-after-security-warnings/
The Pacific Light Cable Network (PLCN), an ambitious underwater data
cable project partly owned by Facebook and Google, won’t be connecting
Los Angeles to Hong Kong after all. The FCC warned that linking Los
Angeles to Hong Kong could harm national security.
Tomi Engdahl says:
SpaceX confirms Starlink internet private beta underway, showing low latency and speeds over 100MBps
https://techcrunch.com/2020/09/03/spacex-confirms-starlink-internet-private-beta-underway-showing-low-latency-and-speeds-over-100mbps/?tpcc=ECFB2020
SpaceX has confirmed some details of its Starlink internet service beta test, via SpaceX engineer Kate Tice on today’s launch webcast for its most recent Starlink satellite mission. Tice said that SpaceX’s service has demonstrated latency low enough to allow it to play the “fastest multiplayer” networked online games, and that it has also shown download speeds in excess of 100Mbps, which she added is fast enough to stream multiple HD video streams at once, with additional bandwidth to spare.
Anyone who has spent any time using an existing connection a rural, poorly covered area that relies on either traditional satellite or perhaps limited cellular-based service will know that both these parameters far exceed the capabilities of most existing options.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Qualcomm’s Founder On Why the US Doesn’t Have Its Own Huawei
Plus: Wireless at the turn of the century, a highly anticipated question, and a surprise in the stratosphere.
https://www.wired.com/story/plaintext-qualcomms-founder-on-why-the-us-doesnt-have-its-own-huawei/
Code Division Multiple Access, or CDMA. It was a concept whose roots went back to 1940, when the actress Hedy Lamarr and a colleague pondered the idea of using multiple frequencies to send a single message. One day, on a ride down Oceanside Drive from Los Angeles to his San Diego home, Jacobs realized that CDMA might be a superior mobile wireless standard
“We did a slide show—why we thought we’d solved the problems, where it was advantageous. Nobody found an error in it. But nobody jumped on board, either.”
The next few years became known as the “Holy Wars of Wireless,” as Jacobs and his team tried to get CDMA accepted as viable tech inside wireless devices. To help prove its superiority, Qualcomm had to develop chips and build a commercial phone and base station.
“To do that, obviously, it’s going to take a lot of money and time,”
At first, Qualcomm manufactured its own phone headsets, selling them in Asia. That was around the time it went public in 1991. Eventually, though, it sold off those parts of the business and became strictly an under-the-hood company.
Another complicating factor is that governments in China and Europe have had industrial aid policies that helped their telecom firms in a way that the US has not. “Our government has not provided R&D support or other support that Huawei and ZTE (another successful Chinese firm) managed to get from their own government,” Jacobs says.
Though it seems like wireless technology has been here forever, it’s a relatively recent phenomenon. Look at how gee-whiz I was in 2001, when describing to the readers of Newsweek what was just around the corner. Got it all correct, except that it’s still hard to print a photo from a phone. I’m especially proud that I referred to the “sometimes cruel terrain of the 21st century.” I had no idea.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Silicon Photonics: Automated Wafer-Level Probing And Silicon Photonics
https://semiengineering.com/silicon_photonics_automated_wafer_level_probing/
The integration of optical components on a chip creates a host of new challenges and demands for wafer-level probing of SiPh devices.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Hacking Ethernet out of Fibre Channel cards
https://blog.benjojo.co.uk/post/ip-over-fibre-channel-hack
found myself with a lot of two types, 4x 1G Intel i20 cards, and a lot of 8G Fibre Channel cards from QLogic (now Marvell) and Emulex (Now Broadcom). I had an unreasonable amount of these Fibre Channel PCIe cards.
Fibre Channel (FC) is used for connecting systems to remote storage efficiently over a fabric different to the common ethernet network. To make it slightly confusing, to the untrained eye they could be confused with 10G ethernet since both take SFP+ optical modules.
After doing some research, it does appear that buried in the history of FC, there was support for carrying IP traffic over FC presumably so that systems could be connected with only FC.
There are 3 RFC’s that cover this, RFC2625 (to cover the basics), RFC3831 (to add IPv6 support), and a final update to both with RFC4338.
It seems that this functionality never actually really hit full support. IPoFC support used to exist in the QLogic driver and then got removed, here is a public attempt to restore this function to the QLogic driver with some degree of success, just without stability or modern device support.
As I got deeper into proof of concepts I realised I could not simply send arbitrary packets back and forth over FC, meaning I would have to implement a SCSI compliant device for the purpose of getting network traffic back and forth.
So I decided to build a basic interface that accepts SCSI writes as outbound packets, and allows the client to poll for incoming packets. Like in a previous project, I used TUN/TAP to make a virtual network card on both systems.
If you wish to see the internals, you can find them on my github: https://github.com/benjojo/IPoverFC
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://hackaday.com/2020/09/09/autovon-a-phone-system-fit-for-the-military/
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://www.edn.com/preserve-signal-integrity-with-ethernet-retimers-and-redrivers/
Tomi Engdahl says:
Conventional coherent modulation based on quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) has some significant limitations related to granularity, reach, and baud rate flexibility. 800G generation optical engines, like Infinera’s ICE6, are leveraging a new modulation paradigm, probabilistic constellation shaping (PCS), that promises to address these limitations while taking us to within touching distance of the Shannon limit. However, all PCS solutions are not created equal.
ICE6 800G Generation Optical Engine
https://www.infinera.com/innovation/ICE6-800G-Wavelengths?mkt_tok=eyJpIjoiTkdZeVlUSmlOVEkwWkdWaiIsInQiOiJyanhaXC9LT0JFcCtZeUtXbFZZYnFcL2FOcDdTNVpXcEdhZTdcL2F1Sk5IemdtcDBrZFMyZFJPQ2tXa0d2b0JNeDdUT2RQN2FCYzgzTDQ5VHZUZEx5TEVUQzV2NlhMNGRRblBocjJsblZoRVdDdytGTjlSZzZoOFpVRWpNV0JKVEx3XC8ifQ%3D%3D
Verizon Successfully Completes High-speed, Long-haul Data Session
Verizon sends 800 Gbps across long distance fiber in preparation for significant increase in amount of data from enterprise and consumer 5G applications
Breakthrough Innovation in Multi-discipline Opto-electronic R&D
The Optical Innovation Center (OIC) comprises a world-class team of scientists and engineers with a proven track record of delivering game-changing advanced optical solutions. A highly vertically integrated organization, the OIC takes innovative solutions from conception to development to production.
https://www.infinera.com/innovation/optical-innovation-center?mkt_tok=eyJpIjoiTkdZeVlUSmlOVEkwWkdWaiIsInQiOiJyanhaXC9LT0JFcCtZeUtXbFZZYnFcL2FOcDdTNVpXcEdhZTdcL2F1Sk5IemdtcDBrZFMyZFJPQ2tXa0d2b0JNeDdUT2RQN2FCYzgzTDQ5VHZUZEx5TEVUQzV2NlhMNGRRblBocjJsblZoRVdDdytGTjlSZzZoOFpVRWpNV0JKVEx3XC8ifQ%3D%3D
Tomi Engdahl says:
Think PCS Is All the Same? Think Again.
https://www.infinera.com/blog/think-pcs-is-all-the-same-think-again/tag/optical/?mkt_tok=eyJpIjoiTkdZeVlUSmlOVEkwWkdWaiIsInQiOiJyanhaXC9LT0JFcCtZeUtXbFZZYnFcL2FOcDdTNVpXcEdhZTdcL2F1Sk5IemdtcDBrZFMyZFJPQ2tXa0d2b0JNeDdUT2RQN2FCYzgzTDQ5VHZUZEx5TEVUQzV2NlhMNGRRblBocjJsblZoRVdDdytGTjlSZzZoOFpVRWpNV0JKVEx3XC8ifQ%3D%3D
As described in my earlier blog, “Probabilistic Constellation Shaping: Faster, Further, Smoother,” probabilistic constellation shaping promises to deliver multiple benefits, including enhanced granularity, improved tolerance to noise and/or nonlinearities, and baud rate flexibility. However, the following four factors can determine the gain and benefits of PCS
Probabilistic Constellation Shaping: Faster, Further, Smoother
https://www.infinera.com/blog/probabilistic-constellation-shaping-faster-further-smoother/tag/optical/
Tomi Engdahl says:
Coherent Baud Rates: Is Higher Always Better?
https://www.infinera.com/blog/coherent-baud-rates-is-higher-always-better/tag/optical/?mkt_tok=eyJpIjoiTkdZeVlUSmlOVEkwWkdWaiIsInQiOiJyanhaXC9LT0JFcCtZeUtXbFZZYnFcL2FOcDdTNVpXcEdhZTdcL2F1Sk5IemdtcDBrZFMyZFJPQ2tXa0d2b0JNeDdUT2RQN2FCYzgzTDQ5VHZUZEx5TEVUQzV2NlhMNGRRblBocjJsblZoRVdDdytGTjlSZzZoOFpVRWpNV0JKVEx3XC8ifQ%3D%3D
With no end in sight to the traffic growth from video, cloud, and DCI, and with the full impact of 5G yet to be felt, network operators need to scale capacity cost-effectively while minimizing power consumption and footprint. To address this need, optical vendors are evolving coherent optics technology with ever higher baud rates, first to ~60-70 Gbaud with 600G generation coherent, and now to ~90-100 Gbaud with 800G generation coherent, with even higher baud rates expected to follow.
But when it comes to baud rates, is higher always better? As a general rule, the answer is yes. The best way to reduce cost per bit, power consumption, and footprint is achieving higher wavelength capacity, or more bits per second, for a given reach requirement, with the same hardware investment in the transceiver’s ASIC/DSP, analog electronics, photonic components, and packaging.
Baud rate, the number of symbols per second, also known as the symbol rate, and modulation, which determines the bits per symbol, provide the two main levers for increasing wavelength capacity. Modulation has advantages in terms of its ability to increase spectral efficiency and its applicability to widely deployed 50 GHz grid networks, as shown in Table 1.
However, doubling the data rate with higher-order modulation, for example from QPSK with two bits per symbol per polarization to 16QAM with four bits per symbol per polarization, reduces reach by 75%, as shown in Figure 1.
Doubling the wavelength data rate by doubling the baud rate, however, has a much more muted impact on reach. Doubling the baud rate from, say, 32 Gbaud to 64 Gbaud, as shown in the Figure 1 example, doubles the sensitivity to noise and nonlinearities, which by itself would reduce the reach to 50%.
However, as shown in figure 2, the spectral width of the wavelength is proportional to its baud rate. When we double the baud rate, we double the spectral width. This enables us to double power for the same number of nonlinearities, which puts the reach of each wavelength with double the baud rate in the range of 80-100% of that of the original wavelength, depending on the specifics of the route/link, including the type of add/drop and fiber type(s).
Even Better with Nyquist Subcarriers and Long Codeword PCS
Nyquist subcarriers can further increase the reach of higher-baud-rate wavelengths by reducing their sensitivity to nonlinearities at the receiver and by dramatically reducing the effect of chromatic dispersion, which has a squared relationship with the baud rate.
Probabilistic constellation shaping (PCS) provides another tool to get the most out of the baud rate of the optical engine. Let’s use 800G wavelengths as an example. With 64QAM, an 800G wavelength with a 20% FEC requires approximately 84 Gbaud, so is there any value to baud rates that exceed this figure? The answer to that is yes. As we increase the baud rate beyond 84 Gbaud, PCS enables a reduction in the probability of the outer constellation points, which increases OSNR tolerance (at constant power) and extends reach, with the exact improvement also dependent on factors such as the PCS codeword length. A baud rate of, say, 96 Gbaud with long-codeword PCS will give us significantly better 800G reach than 84 Gbaud.
The Exceptions that Require Baud Rate Tuneability
While “higher is better” is the general rule for baud rates, there are networking realities and exceptions that require optical engine tuneability. Today, there are many networks with 50 GHz fixed-grid ROADMs that have not been upgraded with flexible-grid capabilities.
In such networks, filter narrowing will limit the baud rate to around 33 Gbaud. In addition, the filters for fixed-grid point-to-point networks even without ROADMS will constrain the baud rate to approximately 43 Gbaud, 70 Gbaud, and 90 Gbaud for 50 GHz, 75 GHz and 100 GHz, respectively. In addition to fixed-grid networks, there are also cases where lower baud rates may better align with the available spectrum on the fiber.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Zyxel, ATEN partner on end-to-end AV-over-IP platform
https://www.cablinginstall.com/ip-security-av/article/14183024/zyxel-communications-inc-zyxel-aten-partner-on-endtoend-avoverip-platform?utm_source=CIM+Weekly&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=CPS200911060&o_eid=7211D2691390C9R&rdx.ident%5Bpull%5D=omeda%7C7211D2691390C9R&oly_enc_id=7211D2691390C9R
Zyxel Networks has now partnered with ATEN, a specialist in AV/IT connectivity and management technology, to ensure smooth integration of network system design and deliver an interoperable, reliable AV-over-IP solution.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Europe’s Top Court Says Net Neutrality Rules Bar ‘Zero Rating’
https://yro.slashdot.org/story/20/09/15/2011245/europes-top-court-says-net-neutrality-rules-bar-zero-rating?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+Slashdot%2Fslashdot%2Fto+%28%28Title%29Slashdot+%28rdf%29%29
The European Union’s top court has handed down its first decision on the bloc’s net neutrality rules — interpreting the law as precluding the use of commercial ‘zero rating’ by Internet services providers. TechCrunch reports:
‘Zero rating’ refers to the practice of ISPs offering certain apps/services ‘tariff free’ by excluding their data consumption. It’s controversial because it can have the effect of penalizing and/or blocking the use of non-zero-rated apps/services, which may be inaccessible while the zero rated apps/services are not — which in turn undermines the principal of net neutrality with its promise of fair competition via an equal and level playing field for all things digital. The pan-EU net neutrality regulation came into force in 2016 amid much controversy over concerns it would undermine rather than bolster a level playing field online. So the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU)’s first ruling interpreting the regulation is an important moment for regional digital rights watchers.
Europe’s top court says net neutrality rules bar ‘zero rating’
https://techcrunch.com/2020/09/15/europes-top-court-says-net-neutrality-rules-bar-zero-rating/?repost
The European Union’s top court has handed down its first decision on the bloc’s net neutrality rules — interpreting the law as precluding the use of commercial ‘zero rating’ by Internet services providers.
‘Zero rating’ refers to the practice of ISPs offering certain apps/services ‘tariff free’ by excluding their data consumption. It’s controversial because it can have the effect of penalizing and/or blocking the use of non-zero-rated apps/services, which may be inaccessible while the zero rated apps/services are not — which in turn undermines the principal of net neutrality with its promise of fair competition via an equal and level playing field for all things digital.
The pan-EU net neutrality regulation came into force in 2016 amid much controversy over concerns it would undermine rather than bolster a level playing field online. So the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU)’s first ruling interpreting the regulation is an important moment for regional digital rights watchers.
Despite the existence of a net neutrality regulation, European carriers have continued offering packages that ‘zero rate’ certain apps, such as Facebook-owned WhatsApp, for example — raising questions over whether such offers comply with the rules. Today’s ruling suggests they do not.
The court found that ‘zero rating’ agreements that combine a ‘zero tariff’ with measures blocking or slowing down traffic linked to the use of ‘non-zero tariff’ services and applications are indeed liable to limit the exercise of end users’ rights within the meaning of the regulation and on a significant part of the market.
“Such packages are liable to increase the use of the favoured applications and services and, accordingly, to reduce the use of the other applications and services available, having regard to the measures by which the provider of the internet access services makes that use technically more difficult, if not impossible. Furthermore, the greater the number of customers concluding such agreements, the more likely it is that, given its scale, the cumulative effect of those agreements will result in a significant limitation of the exercise of end users’ rights, or even undermine the very essence of those rights,” the court writes in a press release.
Tomi Engdahl says:
#PAM4 signaling has made it to #memory interfaces, in what may well be the dawn of the multi-level logic era Micron USA
https://buff.ly/2ZGJCdo
Tomi Engdahl says:
Virgin Orbit Seeking Over $100 Million As ‘Jaw Dropping’ Costs Mount And Small Satellite Market Narrows
https://www.forbes.com/sites/daviddawkins/2020/09/19/virgin-orbit-seeking-over-100-million-as-jaw-dropping-costs-mount-and-small-satellite-market-narrows/?utm_campaign=forbes&utm_source=facebook&utm_medium=social&utm_term=Gordie/#479cb5f030bb
Sir Richard Branson’s Virgin Orbit is looking for investors. Despite the small satellite launch business already having spent $700 million, billionaire Sir Richard Branson is yet to join Elon Musk’s SpaceX and Peter Beck’s Rocket Lab in reaching orbit.
Making Millions, Losing Billions
But it’s not all good news. The chorus of negativity from entrepreneurs and investors in the same field is gaining volume. And for Branson, the much-loved saying amongst space enthusiasts, investors and entrepreneurs – you’ve got to spend a billion, to make a million – risks coming true.
“Most of them are going to die. It is going to be bloody and brutal.” Meagan Crawford, from the Houston-based venture capital SpaceFund tells Forbes of the 130-odd launch businesses she’s currently watching. For Crawford the market is now “much smaller” than any of the small satellite launcher companies really “think it is.”
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://etn.fi/index.php/13-news/11175-nanolaser-tuo-optiset-yhteydet-piirien-sisalle
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://www.facebook.com/groups/majordomo/permalink/10161012507644522/
Way back in the day we had a saying: Never underestimate the bandwidth of a station wagon loaded with tape cartridges.
I’m pretty sure that even today we could update that saying to “thumb drives” and it would still be accurate.
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://etn.fi/index.php/13-news/10784-vuonna-2030-meilla-on-kaytossamme-terabitin-datayhteys
Tomi Engdahl says:
Accidental Denial of Service……
Old TV caused village broadband outages for 18 months
Broadband: Old TV caused village broadband outages for 18 months
https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-54239180
Engineers have solved a mystery which left villagers with broadband problems for 18 months.
Connectivity could be poor along with slow speeds from 07:00, causing issues for households trying to get online.
Openreach engineers replaced cables at Aberhosan, Powys, but it did not fix the problem so they had to think again.
They then switched to a monitoring device and found the fault was due to electrical interference emitted by a householder’s second-hand television.
“At 7am, like clockwork, it happened,” said Mr Jones.
“Our device picked up a large burst of electrical interference in the village.
“It turned out that at 7am every morning the occupant would switch on their old TV which would, in-turn, knock out broadband for the entire village.”
The TV was found to be emitting a single high-level impulse noise (SHINE), which causes electrical interference in other devices.
Suzanne Rutherford, Openreach chief engineer’s lead for Wales, said anything with electric components – from outdoor lights to microwaves – can potentially have an impact on broadband connections.
“We’d just advise the public to make sure that their electric appliances are properly certified and meet current British standards,” she said.
Tomi Engdahl says:
The Latest in Communications Hardware
Here are some of the highlights in communications hardware so far in 2020.
https://www.mwrf.com/technologies/systems/media-gallery/21142280/the-latest-in-communications-hardware?utm_source=RF+MWRF+Today&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=CPS200910039&o_eid=7211D2691390C9R&rdx.ident%5Bpull%5D=omeda%7C7211D2691390C9R&oly_enc_id=7211D2691390C9R
Tomi Engdahl says:
Broadband: Understanding REIN and SHINE
https://support.zen.co.uk/kb/Knowledgebase/Broadband-Understanding-REIN-and-SHINE
What are REIN and SHINE?
Repetitive Electrical Impulse Noise (REIN) and Single Isolated Impulse Noise (SHINE) describe interference that can affect the stability and performance of a Broadband service. In both cases, a power source is generating interference in the frequencies used by the ADSL Broadband service.
REIN is where this interference is generated for the duration of use of an electrical device, and will typically result in disconnections or line errors while the device is in use. At its most extreme, REIN may prevent any connection being established at all.
SHINE is where this interference is generated as a burst – when a device is powered on or off, for example. As a result disconnections or line errors may result at the time a device is switched on or off.
What are the effects of REIN and
SHINE on my Broadband service?
In addition to the disconnections caused by REIN or SHINE you are likely to see a slower speed due to line errors and BT’s automated systems working to counteract the symptoms by restricting the maximum speed you can connect at. Lowering the speed creates a “buffer” to the interference, so it doesn’t cause your connection to drop.
Many electrical devices could be responsible for causing REIN and SHINE that affects your Broadband service. Below is a list of some example sources, however many electrical devices have the potential to cause REIN or SHINE:
Faulty power adapters.
Timed devices, such as central heating.
Christmas tree lights (especially on ‘flash’ setting).
EPOS and PDQ devices.
Railway power lines.
Street lights.
Roadworks.
Faulty set-top boxes, televisions and other appliances.
Power cables running close to telephone wiring in the home.
Repetitive Electrical Impulse Noise (REIN)
https://kitz.co.uk/adsl/rein.htm
Repetitive Electrical Impulse Noise (REIN) can be the cause of frequent loss of the adsl signal from the exchange, and it can also cause a broadband line to perform below its expected performance.
~ What is SHINE?
SHINE (Single High level Impulse Noise Event) is a single brief burst of noise.
The noise burst will show as a single sharp spike on graphing tools. Generally these types of noise bursts will cause line errors such as CRCs or errored seconds and may go un-noticed, but they can be sufficient to knock a broadband connection out completely causing the line to resync.
SHINE
~ What causes SHINE?
SHINE is usually the effect of turning on or off of an electrical device at the mains. Sometimes you may hear an audible ‘pop’ or ‘crackle’ when the switch is flicked.
If there is a pattern to the times check that they don’t coincide with something such as lighting or central heating timers or thermostats. The adsl connection will normally be perfectly fine with flat SNRm at all other times.