Here are some 5G trends for year 2020:
It looked like 5G and wireless dominated the airways in 2019. It seems that year 2020 will be a real test for 5G if it will really take on or fails to full-fill the big expectations. It seems that 5G networks are available at some place here and there from many operators, but 5G end user devices are not yet widely available or desired. New year will bring more 5G base stations.
5G: How Much is Real vs. Marketing? Is 5G ready for prime time? Breaking down the marketing hype versus what’s really going on in the industry. Marketing claims 5G is pervasive. The question is when: 2020 or is it 2025?
First, let’s define 5G also known as 5G New Radio, or 5G NR:
There is sub-6-GHz 5G for the cellphone protocol that requires LTE: 5G NSA.
There is sub-6-GHz standalone 5G: 5G SA.
There is 20- to 60-GHz 5G: 5G mmWave.
It seems that 2020 will be the real test for 5G devices as the 5G device mass market has not yet really started. Samsung says it shipped 6.7M+ Galaxy 5G phones globally in 2019, accounting for 53.9% of the 5G phone market (Galaxy S10 5G and the Galaxy Note 10 Plus 5G). 2020 is expected to be an interesting year for 5G growth across the smartphone market. Increased 5G rollouts by carriers means that customers will presumably be more interested in actually buying 5G devices. One June 2019 forecast made by Canalys has global 5G smartphone shipments crossing 4G smartphone shipments in 2023.
5G will be integrated to some PCs. Dell debuts a new Latitude 9510 laptop with built-in 5G, to launch March 26.
Ericsson says they are now 5G networks leader according to Ericsson ylitti odotukset kirkkaasti: ”Olemme 5g-johtaja” article. Nokia has cut its outlook for this year and next because of the need to step up its investments in 5G but ‘We don’t have a 5G problem,’ says Nokia’s head of software.
5G will be a good growing market for test device manufacturers as engineers will once again need to sharpen their skill sets and adopt new design and testing techniques. A lot of 5G Component Characterization and Test will be needed.Delivering 5G Devices to Market Will Bank on OTA Testing.
Network side needs also testing equipment. One approach being adopted to gain ground in the race to 5G involves the rapid prototyping and testing of network architectures. There is need for programmable RF devices. Industry seems to want their own private networks.
5G components are available from many sources already. The typical RF component suppliers are all providing 5G solutions: Avago/Broadcom, Huawei, MediaTek, Murata/pSemi (previously known as Peregrine), Qualcomm, Qorvo, Samsung, and Skyworks.
Challenges: Even the sub-6-GHz versions have technical issues in that the 5G target “air time” latency is 1 to 4 ms. Typical RF component manufacturers appear to be providing components that focus only on the sub-6-GHz frequency bands. The geopolitical situation relative to 5G also adds confusion to the 5G timeline.
There are many technical issues must be considered in the utilization of mmWave: mmWave frequencies travel relatively small distances. the mmWave transmitters consume a considerable amount of transmit power, providing additional challenges for battery-operated devices.
5G in automotive: The automobile industry is experiencing exponential growth of self-driving features, and this trend is expected to continue. 5G network connections are expected to have a major influence on the development of self-driving cars making them faster, smarter, and safer. Where is car technology going in 2020?
As 5G work has started for many installers and marketers, the the researchers are already thinking about the nest step Beyond 5G chips. They are already planning technologies that could enable high-speed wireless devices beyond the 5G standard.
1,542 Comments
Tomi Engdahl says:
Nokian ReefSharkin DSP-osasta tuli tehokkaampi versio
https://etn.fi/index.php/13-news/10504-nokian-reefsharkin-dsp-osasta-tuli-tehokkaampi-versio
Amerikkalainen CEVA on esitellyt neljännen polven DSP-arkkitehtuurin, jota se kehuu maailman tehokkaimmaksi. Mielenkiintoiseksi uudet XC-piirit tekee suomalaisvinkkelistä se, että niiden edeltäjää käytetään signaalin prosessointiin Nokian ReefShark-tukiasemapiireissä.
ReefShark on ollut viime aikoina julkisuudessa, koska Intelin ongelmat 10 nanometrin prosessissa ovat johtaneet ongelmiin ReefShark-toimituksissa. Nokia on nyt luvannut, että uusi prosessori löytyy 75 prosentista uusista AirScale-tukiasemista tämän vuoden loppuun mennessä. Tällä hetkellä osuus on noin 35 prosenttia.
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://etn.fi/index.php/13-news/10500-nokia-irtisanoo-mutta-ei-5g-kehityksesta
https://www.uusiteknologia.fi/2020/03/03/nokian-uusimmat-vahennykset-paaosin-espoosta/
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://etn.fi/index.php/13-news/10496-5g-laitteita-sertifioidaan-kiihtyvalla-tahdilla
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://etn.fi/index.php/13-news/10492-5g-verkkoja-on-eniten-etela-koreassa
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://mobiili.fi/2020/03/04/nokia-kertoi-yhteistyosta-marvellin-kanssa-5g-verkkolaitteiden-reefshark-piirisarjojen-kehittamiseksi/
Tomi Engdahl says:
Bundling a Microchip Makes development board and Sequans Communications 5G communications chip, the kit aims to make developing cellular IoT easier.
Sequans and Microchip Partner for Microcontroller-Based LTE-M/NB-IoT Cellular Development Kit
https://www.hackster.io/news/sequans-and-microchip-partner-for-microcontroller-based-lte-m-nb-iot-cellular-development-kit-fd1886ac664b
Bundling a Microchip development board and Sequans 5G communications chip, the kit aims to make developing cellular IoT easier.
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://etn.fi/index.php/13-news/10520-milloin-operaattorien-5g-lupaus-toteutuu
Tomi Engdahl says:
5G:n datanopeuslupaus tulee toteutumaan. Jo nyt operaattorien verkossa päästään parhaimmillaan jopa yli gigabitin nopeuksiin. Vaikka nopeus heittelee verkon olosuhteiden mukaan, käytännön nopeudet riittävät mainiosti kuluttajien tarpeisiin.
Isompi ongelma on 5G:n latenssilupaus, jollaiseksi on kirjattu 1 millisekunti radiotasolla. Tämä on kova vaatimus. Nokia Bell Labsin Harri Holma muistuttaa, että LTE-verkossa latenssi radiosta radioon on 10-12 millisekuntia ja kentällä lukemat ovat 15-30 millisekuntia.
Entäpä ensimmäisen polven 5G eli ns. NSA-verkko (non-standalone)? Siinä verkon kontrollidata kulkee edelleen 4G-verkon yli ja 5G-datayhteyden muodostaminen aiheuttaa noin 100 millisekunnin lisäviiveen. Holman mukaan tätä ei voida välttää NSA-verkoissa.
Niinpä katse kääntyy ns. oikeisiin 5G-verkkoihin eli standalone-verkkoihin. Suomalaisoperaattorien 5G-verkot ovat aikajakoisia eli TDD-verkkoja, joissa downlink- ja uplink-linkit jakavat saman kanavan vuorotellen. Harri Holman mukaan 3,5 gigahertsin TDD-linkissä ei päästä alle 5 millisekunnin latenssiin edes teoriassa.
- 3,5 gigahertsin TDD-linkki käyttää 2,5 millisekunnin framea eli kehystä, mikä kasvattaa viivettä muutamia millisekunteja, Holma selventää.
Tästä seuraa käytännössä se, että 5G-latenssilupaukseen vastaaminen edellyttää FDD-kaistojen käyttöä. Operaattoreilla on nykyisin käytössään kuusi FDD-taajuutta (700 + 800 + 900 + 1800 + 2100 + 2600 MHZ) joita voidaan käyttää 5G-yhteyksiin. Markkinoilla on jo päätelaitteita, jotka tukevat 5G FDD taajuuksia. Tällä hetkellä 3,5 GHz on kuitenkin ainoa 5G-taajuus Suomessa.
Suomessa järjestetään kesäkuussa 26 gigahertsin alueen taajuushuutokauppa. Siinä kehys on lyhyempi kuin 3,5 gigahertsissä ja latenssi siten lyhyempi. Tällöin päästään lähemmäksi maagista 1 millisekunnin arvoa, mutta toki 26 gigahertsiin sisältyvin rajoituksin. Esimerkiksi seiniä korkeat taajuudet läpäisevät huonosti.
Radiolinkin latenssin pituus ei ole ainoa ratkaiseva tekijä, kun puhutaan vaikkapa kriittisistä robotiikan tai etäkirurgian sovelluksista. Myös yhteys core- eli runkoverkkoon ratkaisee. Suomessa rajoituksia aiheuttaa tällä hetkellä se, että meillä on vain muutamia core-keskuksia. Ja sata kilometriä kuitua tarkoittaa edestakaisena matkana yhtä millisekuntia
Tämä haaste helpottuu globaalisti kaikkialla, sillä core-saittien määrä kasvaa koko ajan. Verkkolaitevalmistajat puhuvat hajautetusta core-verkosta, jonka myötä latenssi lyhenee. Kyse on kuitenkin pidemmän aikavälin kehityksestä. Millisekunnin 5G-latenssi on tavoite, joka on mahdollinen – myös Suomessa – mutta ei vielä pitkään aikaan.
https://etn.fi/index.php/13-news/10520-milloin-operaattorien-5g-lupaus-toteutuu
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://etn.fi/index.php/13-news/10535-joka-kolmas-operaattori-oikeaan-5g-tekniikkaan-2-vuodessa
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://etn.fi/index.php/13-news/10532-5g-piristi-suomalaisten-patentointia
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://www.ericsson.com/en/5g
Tomi Engdahl says:
Elisa ajaa 3G:n alas jo kolmen vuoden kuluttua
https://etn.fi/index.php/13-news/10531-elisa-ajaa-3g-n-alas-jo-kolmen-vuoden-kuluttua
5G piristi suomalaisten patentointia
https://etn.fi/index.php/13-news/10532-5g-piristi-suomalaisten-patentointia
Tomi Engdahl says:
5G design: capacitive reference stabilization for ADCs
https://www.edn.com/5g-design-capacitive-reference-stabilization-for-adcs/
Coupling SAR ADCs with capacitive DACs is a popular approach to realize energy-efficient conversion for the medium resolutions and speeds that are required for 5G wireless receivers. In combination with techniques like pipelining, interleaving, and digital calibration, hybrid ADCs with accuracies up to 12-bit ENOB (effective number of bits) and speeds of several hundred MHz have been demonstrated. With these properties, these ADCs can provide the throughputs required for 5G applications.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Cisco Maps IP-led Path to 5G Profitability With New Lineup of Cloud Software and Hardware for Mobile
https://www.techno-go.com/post/cisco-maps-ip-led-path-to-5g-profitability-with-new-lineup-of-cloud-software-and-hardware-for-mobile
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://www.uusiteknologia.fi/2020/03/19/suomen-5g-verkot-laajenevat-vauhdilla/
Tomi Engdahl says:
Cellular amplifier supports 5G rollout
https://www.edn.com/cellular-amplifier-supports-5g-rollout/
WilsonPro is accepting preorders for its Pro 710i 5G commercial-grade cellular amplifier, which boosts cellular signals on Band 71 (600 MHz). The amplifier employs extended dynamic range (XDR) technology to automatically adjust to changes in outdoor signal quality, virtually eliminating overload and shutdown.
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://www.uusiteknologia.fi/2020/03/20/5g-puhelin-nokia-logolla-ja-qualcommin-piireilla/
Tomi Engdahl says:
Trump Wants ’5G’ and ‘Even 6G’ Wireless Technology ‘As Soon As Possible.’ What’s He Talking About?
https://time.com/5534983/trump-5g-6g/?amp=true#aoh=15847538444913&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&_tf=From%20%251%24s
President Donald Trump on Thursday said he wants U.S. companies to more quickly implement what’s called 5G wireless technology, the latest and greatest tech when it comes to mobile broadband.
“I want 5G, and even 6G, technology in the United States as soon as possible,” tweeted Trump, who went on to imply the U.S. was falling behind due to policies preventing the adoption of wireless technology from companies abroad. While 6G doesn’t yet exist, 5G is just starting to be deployed around the U.S. and elsewhere.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Trump signs laws to boost 5G security, broadband availability
https://www.cnet.com/news/trump-signs-5g-and-broadband-mapping-legislation-into-law/
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://techcrunch.com/2020/03/26/microsoft-acquires-5g-specialist-affirmed-networks/
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Coronavirus/Apple-weighs-delaying-5G-iPhone-launch-by-months-sources-say
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://www.uusiteknologia.fi/2020/03/26/yritykset-varovaisia-5g-investoinneissa-myos-iot-ratkaisuissa/
Tomi Engdahl says:
Conspiracy theories spread like wildfire in times like this – and they threaten human lives.
Broadband engineers threatened due to 5G coronavirus conspiracies
https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/apr/03/broadband-engineers-threatened-due-to-5g-coronavirus-conspiracies
EE suspects telephone mast engulfed by fire in Birmingham was an arson attack as celebrities claim Covid-19 caused by new network
Tomi Engdahl says:
Nokia Bell Labs’ world records and innovations in fiber optics to enable faster and higher capacity 5G networks of the future
https://www.nokia.com/about-us/news/releases/2020/03/13/nokia-bell-labs-world-records-and-innovations-in-fiber-optics-to-enable-faster-and-higher-capacity-5g-networks-of-the-future/
Tomi Engdahl says:
Nokia expands WING with 5G IoT capabilities
https://www.nokia.com/about-us/news/releases/2020/03/17/nokia-expands-wing-with-5g-iot-capabilities/
Tomi Engdahl says:
Infinera Breaks Industry Record with 800G Transmission over 950 Kilometers in a Live Network Trial
https://www.infinera.com/press-release/Infinera-Breaks-Industry-Record-with-800G-Transmission-over-950-Kilometers-in-a-Live-Network-Trial
Tomi Engdahl says:
Rohde & Schwarz enables sub-THz ultra wideband signal analysis
https://www.rohde-schwarz.com/fi/about/news-press/all-news/rohde-schwarz-enables-sub-thz-ultra-wideband-signal-analysis-press-release-detailpage_229356-793512.html
Rohde & Schwarz is paving the way for research in the terahertz frequency range by demonstrating multi gigabit data transmission in the D-Band at 140 GHz. The setup features the R&S FSW high-end signal and spectrum analyzer equipped with an R&S FSW-B8001 option, supporting an unparalleled 8.3 GHz internal analysis bandwidth. This new hardware option will be available soon from Rohde & Schwarz.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Pieniin 5G-tukiasemiin virta ethernetistä
https://etn.fi/index.php/13-news/10557-pieniin-5g-tukiasemiin-virta-ethernetista
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://etn.fi/index.php/13-news/10552-nokian-iot-verkko-tukee-pian-5g-yhteyksia
Tomi Engdahl says:
OPINION
5G and COVID-19: The technology, conspiracy and ignorance
https://punchng.com/5g-and-covid-19-the-technology-conspiracy-and-ignorance/
One would ordinarily have dismissed the “controversy” around 5G technology and the strange connection with COVID-19 being stridently pursued by some people as ignorant rants occasioned by the morbid fear of the rampaging coronavirus,
So, while we are keeping safe, we must remain vigilant and ever ready to challenge Fake News and outright lies wherever and whenever.
“There is absolutely no credible evidence of a link between 5G and coronavirus,” the UK’s department of Digital, Culture, Media, and Sport (DCMS) tweeted, noting that “inaccurate information” was being spread online about 5G.”
Tomi Engdahl says:
5G is not going to microwave your brain: All the myths, debunked (Updated)
https://www.androidauthority.com/5g-dangers-895776/
Tomi Engdahl says:
British 5G towers are being set on fire amid coronavirus conspiracy theories
5G is causing anarchy in the UK
https://www.theverge.com/2020/4/4/21207927/5g-towers-burning-uk-coronavirus-conspiracy-theory-link
Tomi Engdahl says:
Harriet Sherwood / The Guardian:
After some cell towers in the UK were set on fire, govt to meet with Facebook, YouTube, Twitter to stop the spread of a conspiracy theory linking 5G to COVID-19 — After a spate of fires, the government is stepping in to halt the spread of linking coronavirus to the mobile network
Call for social media platforms to act on 5G mast conspiracy theory
https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/apr/05/call-for-social-media-platforms-to-act-on-5g-mast-conspiracy-theory
After a spate of fires, the government is stepping in to halt the spread of linking coronavirus to the mobile network
Alex Hern / The Guardian:
YouTube says it will remove content spreading conspiracy theories linking 5G and coronavirus, but will leave content that is simply conspiratorial about 5G — Decision comes as four more phone masts are attacked — Play Video — YouTube will reduce the amount of content spreading conspiracy theories …
YouTube moves to limit spread of false coronavirus 5G theory
Decision comes as four more phone masts are attacked
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/05/youtube-to-suppress-content-spreading-coronavirus-5g-conspiracy-theory
Tomi Engdahl says:
Jim Waterson / The Guardian:
Telecom engineers, considered essential workers in the UK, are facing harassment from anti-5G conspiracy mongers, linking the deployment of 5G to coronavirus
Broadband engineers threatened due to 5G coronavirus conspiracies
https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/apr/03/broadband-engineers-threatened-due-to-5g-coronavirus-conspiracies
EE suspects telephone mast engulfed by fire in Birmingham was an arson attack as celebrities claim Covid-19 caused by new network
Tomi Engdahl says:
CELEBRITIES CRITICISED FOR ‘FANNING FLAMES’ OF 5G CORONAVIRUS CONSPIRACY THEORIES AFTER REPORTS OF PHONE MASTS SET ON FIRE
https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/coronavirus-5g-fire-phone-mast-radio-signal-conspiracy-theory-birmingham-a9446416.html
Tomi Engdahl says:
Nokia cuts nearly 5K jobs as Huawei bulks up
https://www.lightreading.com/5g/nokia-cuts-nearly-5k-jobs-as-huawei-bulks-up/d/d-id/758679
Another year, another cost-cutting initiative. After Nokia announced its most recent in late 2018, months before it revealed an upset in 5G product development, the Finnish equipment maker was expected to report some hefty layoffs.
When it comes to layoffs by equipment makers, Nokia is late to the game. Between 2017 and 2018, following its takeover of Alcatel-Lucent in 2016, its workforce grew 1.3%, to an average of 103,083 employees across the entire business. Over that same period, fierce rival Ericsson chopped 5% of jobs, finishing 2018 with 95,359 employees in total. Battered by US sanctions, China’s ZTE went even further, reducing headcount by 9%, to 68,240 employees.
In the age of automation, bigger is not necessarily better, of course. Ideally, companies want to maintain or grow revenues with the leanest organization possible, delivering juicier profits to their shareholders.
The danger in extreme cost cutting, or even just a pause to recruitment, is that it harms competitiveness.
In the vendor world, perhaps the main risk lies in research and development. The industry is increasingly trying to assess Ericsson, Huawei and Nokia on the technical strength of their products. Any sign of R&D weakness could spell trouble.
Feeling the squeeze
Investors are nervous because profits are already under pressure. Until it reported third-quarter figures last year, Nokia was aiming for an operating margin of 12–16% in 2020. It has now lowered this range to 8–11%, and it does not expect its main addressable market to grow. But as a mobile-only vendor, Ericsson could be in even bigger trouble. The outbreak of COVID-19 will delay Europe’s rollout of new 5G networks as regulators postpone spectrum auctions and customers trim capital expenditure. Hold-ups in the virus-stricken US are also a possibility.
Neither one of the Nordic vendors can look for a boost to China, where operators are pressing ahead with ambitious 5G plans. When China Mobile, the country’s biggest operator, awarded contracts worth $5.2 billion this week, Huawei and ZTE landed 87% of the work. Nokia came away entirely empty-handed, while Ericsson secured contracts worth about $590 million.
https://etn.fi/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10636&via=n&datum=2020-04-06_15:41:48&mottagare=31202
Tomi Engdahl says:
Demystifying 5G
https://digital.cablinginstall.com/cablinginstall/202004/MobilePagedReplica.action?u1=DA0420&utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=TXCABL200403002&pm=1&folio=6#pg8
Tomi Engdahl says:
At least 20 UK phone masts vandalised over false 5G coronavirus claims
https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/apr/06/at-least-20-uk-phone-masts-vandalised-over-false-5g-coronavirus-claims
Industry body assures people in open letter there is no link between 5G and pandemic
At least 20 mobile phone masts across the UK are believed to have been torched or otherwise vandalised since Thursday, according to government and industry sources who are increasingly concerned about the impact of baseless theories linking coronavirus to 5G networks.
There have been noticeable clusters of attacks on masts around Liverpool and the West Midlands. Owing to the slow rollout of 5G in the UK, many of the masts that have been vandalised did not contain the technology and the attacks merely damaged 3G and 4G equipment.
There is hope that the rate of attacks may now be slowing.
Social networks will meet the government in the coming days to explain what they can do to stop the spread of baseless claims about 5G, although there is a limited amount that can be done to stop videos and messages spreading on messaging services such as WhatsApp.
Despite repeated assurances from international radiation watchdogs that 5G is safe, baseless theories about its purported risks have long bubbled away at the fringes of the internet – in common with previous generations of the telecoms technology. However, the rapid explosion over the last week of claims linking the new telephone standard to the pandemic – fanned by some celebrities and influencers – has caught the industry and the government off guard.
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://etn.fi/index.php/13-news/10638-nokialta-maailman-ensimmainen-lte-privaattiverkko-450-megahertsille#ETNartikel
Tomi Engdahl says:
Suomi huutokauppaa 26 gigahertsin 5G-taajuudet
https://www.uusiteknologia.fi/2020/04/09/suomi-huutokauppaa-26-gigahertsin-5g-taajuudet/
Valtioneuvosto antoi eilen asetukset 26 gigahertsin taajuusalueen 5G-verkkojen huutokaupasta ja taajuusasetuksen muuttamisesta. Taajuudet julistetaan haettaviksi 21. huhtikuuta ja varsinainen huutokauppa alkaa 8. kesäkuuta. Haussa on valtion kassaan miljoonia euroja.
26 gigahertsin taajuusalue soveltuu suurten yhteysnopeuksien tarjoamiseen esimerkiksi kaupungeissa, liikenteen solmukohdissa ja yleisötapahtumissa. Uuden taajuusalueen käyttöönotto mahdollistaa huippunopeiden 5G-mobiiliverkkojen rakentamisen.
26 gigahertsin taajuusalue kattaa taajuudet 24,25-27,5 gigahertsiä.
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://www.uusiteknologia.fi/2020/04/09/suomi-huutokauppaa-26-gigahertsin-5g-taajuudet/
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://www.uusiteknologia.fi/2020/04/09/uuteen-viranomaisverkkoon-ericssonin-tekniikkaa/
Viranomaiskäyttöön tarkoitettu Virve 2.0 -verkko tulee perustumaan keskeisimmiltä osiltaan Ericssonin it-tekniikkaan. Radioverkon valtiollinen Erillisverkot hankkii palveluna Elisalta. Virve 2.0 verkko luvataan toimivan jo 2021 alkaen, mutta käyttäjät siirtyvät verkkoon vuoteen 2025 mennessä. Uusi Virve 2.0 tulee kattamaan 4G- sekä 5G-teknologiat ja esineiden internetin.
Tuleva Virve 2.0 mahdollistaa kuvan, videokuvan ja muiden langattomien laajakaistapalveluiden lisääminen nykyisten Virve-palveluiden rinnalle.
Uuteen Virve 2.0 -verkkoon käyttäjät siirtyvät uuteen palveluun viimeistään 2025 vuoden loppuun mennessä. Nykyinen Tetra-pohjainen Virve palvelee uuden rinnalla siirtymävaiheen loppuun saakka.
Tomi Engdahl says:
#5G testing: #Modulation distortion method speeds power #amplifier characterization Keysight #test #signalquality https://buff.ly/2JVGpOR
5G testing: Modulation distortion method speeds power amplifier characterization
https://www.edn.com/5g-testing-modulation-distortion-method-speeds-power-amplifier-characterization/?utm_content=bufferedd73&utm_medium=social&utm_source=edn_twitter&utm_campaign=buffer
Linearity and power efficiency in power amplifiers are critical to the signal quality and battery life of 5G designs. Traditional methods for characterization testing of power amplifiers (PA), however, face increasing challenges as systems move to millimeter-wave frequencies. The new, modulation distortion method for performing characterization test promises simpler, quicker, and more accurate results.
Modern communication systems use the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) waveform for digital signal demodulation. The lack of linearity in an OFDM waveform, however, generates errors in the demodulation process, causing signal-quality issues.
Common industry practice
The common practice for performing PA characterization consists of two stations. The first station uses a vector network analyzer (VNA) to make basic characterization measurements such as S-parameter, gain compression, intercept point third order (IP3), and sometimes noise figure. The second station features a signal generator and a signal analyzer and is used to generate error vector magnitude (EVM) and adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR) measurements, the figures of merit (FOM) for measuring PA non-linearity (Figure 1). The device is first tested with the VNA and then brought to the other station.
Modulation distortion setup
A new way to perform PA characterization has emerged recently that addresses the shortcomings of the traditional method: modulation distortion. The modulation distortion setup provides all the VNA measurements as well as ACPR and EVM in a single station using a VNA and a signal source
The first step in the modulation distortion setup is to generate a stimulus signal called the compact test signal. The VNA firmware selects a slice of the original waveform that presents the statistical characteristics of that waveform, then removes spectral leakage using a brick-wall filter. Although it only uses a slice of the waveform, the compact test signal’s frequency signature is the same as that of the parent signal.
When measuring a wideband signal, bandwidth limitations of the VNA digitizer prevent you from measuring the whole band at once. To address this challenge, the VNA measures every 30 MHz of bandwidth and moves its local frequency to capture all the frequency spectrum in the band of interest.
A technique called spectral correlation decomposes the output signal spectrum into the linear and distortion parts, which makes computing FOMs like EVM and ACPR possible. ACPR is computed from the channel power of the in band and adjacent band. EVM is computed from integrating in-band distortion spectrum from the measurement result. Computing EVM from the frequency domain is mathematically the same as computing it from the time domain
Tomi Engdahl says:
Faster data download and upload speeds are promised with 5G, which is the next stage of mobile internet connectivity.
Wider coverage and more stable connections than current 4G technology are also highlighted as benefits.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Burning Cell Towers, Out of Baseless Fear They Spread the Virus
https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/how-a-virus-conspiracy-theory-fueled-arson-and-harassment-in-britain/ar-BB12rCms
Across Britain, more than 30 acts of arson and vandalism have taken
place against wireless towers and other telecom gear this month,
according to police reports and a telecom trade group. In roughly 80
other incidents in the country, telecom technicians have been harassed
on the job.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Britannian aamu-tv:n juontaja levitti salaliittoteoriaa koronan ja 5G:n yhteydestä – nyt Hollannissakin poltetaan mastoja
https://www.iltalehti.fi/koronavirus/a/c507ade3-b9b3-496b-a88d-0ac71e2dbe77
Tomi Engdahl says:
Koronan ja 5g:n yhdistävä salaliittoteoria leviää nyt tukiasemat
palavat Hollannissa
https://www.is.fi/digitoday/mobiili/art-2000006474027.html
Tuhopoltoiksi epäillyt tukiasemapalot levisivät Britanniasta
Hollantiin.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Phone carriers beg people to stop setting fire to 5G masts, especially at hospitals
https://www.cnet.com/news/phone-carriers-beg-people-to-stop-setting-fire-to-5g-masts-especially-at-hospitals/
Vodafone CEO Nick Jeffries says arsonists, spurred by false coronavirus conspiracy theories, are preventing people saying goodbye to loved ones.
Thinking of setting a phone mast on fire? Please don’t.
5G phone masts across the UK and several other European nations have been subject to arson attacks in recent weeks due to the circulation of scientifically unsound conspiracy theories linking the spread of coronavirus to telecoms equipment.
In a LinkedIn post on Tuesday, Vodafone CEO Nick Jeffries said that 20 of the company’s UK-based 5G masts had been victims of arson attacks. One of those masts serves NHS Nightingale in Birmingham, one of the field hospitals set up to treat COVID-19 patients.
Not only are the arson attacks damaging national infrastructure, said Jeffries, they’re also preventing isolated patients from keeping in touch with their loved ones, and even stopping those who are dying from saying a final goodbye. He pleaded with arsonists to stop and think.
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://etn.fi/index.php/13-news/10659-5g-yleistyy-hurjaa-vauhtia
Tomi Engdahl says:
Switzerland halts rollout of 5G over health concerns
People using 2G devices posting: 3G will kill us all!
People using 3G devices posting: 4G will kill us all!
People using 4G devices posting: 5G will kill us all!
Ehhhhh