This post is about European mains power. Electricity in EU countries conforms to the European standard, coming out of the wall socket at 230 volts alternating at 50 cycles per second. While the voltage and frequency are fixed, the mains connectors and wiring practices can vary between different countries in Europe.
One thing to note on European power outlets is this: In most European countries mains outlets are not polarized, and you can put the plug in both ways, so you almost never know which wire is live and which is neutral. Typically, Europeans do not maintain consistent identification of line and neutral throughout their power system as is the practice in North America. Consistent with this practice, the Continental European plug can be rotated to either of two positions and plugged into the socket. Thus, the common electrical system in Europe is unpolarized (i.e., line and neutral are connected at random). In fact, most plug types used in Europe are not polarized. The ungrounded plugs have been non polarized, grounded outlets are either polarized or non polarized depending on country.
History of European 230V power
Europe’s power grid, the world’s most interconnected, is set at 230 volts (an EU standard since 2008). Before that the voltage standard had been 220V (most countries) or 240V (UK and Ireland).
It was the Germans who introduced 220V AC power in Europe over 100 years ago. It was around 1893 when the AC frequencies were standardized at 60Hz (US) and 50Hz (Europe). At that time there were some systems that used 120V and also 220V systems. Europe had developed its 220-volt (now 230-volt) system after learning from the American experience, and before any massive infrastructure changes would be required. Cost was the main reason Europe went with 220 volts (now 230): higher voltages allow the use of thinner wire, meaning less copper in the early days of power lines. Power companies could save money on wire by using 220 volts rather than 110. This became the model for electrical distribution in Germany and the rest of Europe and the 220-volt system (later 230-volt) soon became the European norm.
Single phase power in Europe The nominal European voltage is now 230V 50 Hz (formerly 240V in UK, 220V in the rest of Europe). European mains voltage is presently specified as being 230 V+10%/−6% (253-217V) specification will broaden to 230 V±10%, requiring electrical goods to operate correctly on a supply anywhere between 207 and 253 V. The “harmonised voltage limits” in Europe are now: 230V -10% +6% (i.e. 207.0 – 243.8V) in most of Europe (the former 220V nominal countries) 230V -6% +10% (i.e. 216.2 – 253.0V) in UK (former 240V nominal) his is really a fudge and means there is no real change of supply voltage, only a change in the “label”, with no incentive for electricity supply companies to actually change the supply voltage. To cope with both sets of limits an equipment will therefore need to cover 230V +/-10% i.e. 207-253V.
Outlet wiring
Modern European 230V (50Hz) supply feeding the mains outlet consists of 3 wires that are typically: hot, neutral, and safety ground. The 230V (50Hz) is obtained between the hot and neutral lead. The current available from the outlet depends on the maximum current rating of the breaker in mains panel that is normally 10A or 16A (in UK there are maximum 13A fuse inside mains plug). Older building can have older outlets that do not offer grounding on “safe” locations (normal rooms) and grounded outlets on “dangerous” locations (like outdoors, washing room, kitchen).
There modern colors used in house wiring in Europe are based on IEC standard: GREEN with YELLOW stripes is Ground, BLUE is Neutral, and BROWN is Live. The typical wire thickness (for live, neutral and ground) is either 1.5 mm2 (for 10A circuits) and 2.5 mm2 (for 16A circuits). The extension cords typically are built using 1.5 mm2 cable. The cables feeding equipment are typically use 1.5 mm2, 1 mm2 or 0.75 mm2 wires depending on the power equipment uses.
There is not usually hard guarantees which hole on the outlet is neutral and with is live. The hot and neutral wires are interchangeable as far as the equipment is concerned (be warned that there are some exceptions in some countries). Both are power carrying wires. In many parts of Europe (nordic counties, Germany etc), the normal 3-wire receptacle is symmetrical so that the neutral and hot wire connections can be swapped by simply rotating the plug.
There is not even guarantees that one of the side is neutral, because it is possible that in some locations both the mains outlet power carrying contacts can be “live” with 230V between them. On some countries (for example some locations in Norway and some old installations on some other countries) both current carrying wires on outlet can be “live”. In hospitals the mains outlet designed to be used for medical equipment could be powered from safety isolation transformer, so neither side is “neutral”.
In most parts of Europe the mains wiring is is wired as radial system, which means that there is a straight wire that comes from the mains panel to the fixed load or mains outlet. There can be one or more than one outlet connected to the same wire. That wiring is protected with with a breaker or fuse (typically rated for 10A or 16A depending on how much current is needed and how thick wires are installed). In modern installations there is normally a 10A or 16A breaker on the mains panel that disconnects the live wire when there is short circuit or overload and neutral side is not protects. In addition in modern installations there is usually also a ground fault protector that protects one outlet or a group of outlets. In locations where both sides of mains outlet are live, two pole breakers are used (disconnect both wires going to outlet if there is overload or short circuit). UK is a special case because there residential installations use Ring circuit wiring where the mains plugs have a built-in fuse.
Mains plugs
The standard, Class I grounded mains, plugs used in Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, Sweden, Norway, Finland, and Russia are the CEE 7/4 and CEE 7/7 plugs. Because this standard is used so commonly throughout Europe, we refer to it as the “Continental European” standard. Both styles have two 4.8mm round contacts on 19mm centers. s the “Continental European” standard. Both styles have two 4.8mm round contacts on 19mm centers. Grounding is achieved through the grounding clips on the sides of the plug body.
SCHUKO plug
German (type F, CEE 7/3 socket, CEE 7/4 plug, Schuko) is the most common mains power socket in Europe. The most common socket in Europe is the Schuko (Schutzkontakt is German for ‘Protective contact’). The plug has two pins, and along with the socket can be identified by the two metal earth contacts on each side. Schuko is a standard used primarily in Germany and Austria, Finland, Sweden, Norway and several other countries.
The SCHUKO is rated at 230v 16A, and has two 4.8mm x 19mm pins. The metal contacts at top and bottom of the outlet are the “Schutzkontakte”, i.e. earth. Because the plug is symmetrical, there is no way to know which line is hot and which is neutral for a device. Only earth is always the same.
A typical SCHUKO outlet has three electrical connections, which are the “hot”, “neutral”, and “grounding” wires. The hot and neutral wires are interchangeable as far as the equipment is concerned. The normal SCHUKO 3-wire receptacle is symmetrical so that the neutral and hot wire connections can be swapped by simply rotating the plug. SCHUKO plug can be connected either way around, and there is no strong convention as to whether sockets have the live wired to the left or right side of the receptacle.
The Schuko system originated in Germany. It is believed to date from 1925 and is attributed to Albert Büttner, a Bavarian manufacturer of electrical accessories At this time Germany used a 220 V centre tap giving 127 V from current pins to earth, which meant that fuse links were required in both sides of the appliance and double pole switches. Variations of the original Schuko plug are used today in more than 40 countries, including most of Continental Europe.
Why it is not important where we connect our hot and neutral wire when connecting them to our Schuko plug? Is it because current flows in both directions and equipment are designed to cope it. This inherently stupid sounding power plug design from 1925 that is safe enough when certain limitations are met. While obviously not ideal, this symmetry is not a big problem so long as all appliances are built in such a way as to be still safe when the two main wires are swapped. As almost everything is being produced for a global market today, in practice this is always the case – or at least manufacturers always claim and usually provide it. It is UTTERLY ESSENTIAL that anything it is used with may be safely used with phase and neutral in either of the two possible arrangements.
The SCHUKO connector is pretty safe design. Overall though, there aren’t millions of people being electrocuted by Schuko. In fact, it’s generally one of the lowest risks out there because the plug is pretty well designed to be be safe. SCHUKO plug used in some of the most conservative and safety conscious regulatory environments, such as the Nordic region. So, it’s hardly a major risk or concern.
When you insert SCHUKO plug into the socket, the earth connector makes contact first and then the live prongs. By the time an electrical connection is made, there is almost no gap left between the socket and the plug, no room for an inquisitive toddler to put his fingers or other conductive objects. There are also safety shuttered outlets, where the shutters on SCHUKO sockets have to be pressed simultaneously in order to push them aside. Pushing only one will not make it slide away.
Schuko plugs are required for devices with metal cases, the case needs to be connected to earth ground in several places, so any electrical fault would connect line to earth or neutral to earth. SCHUKO sockets also accept non-grounded EURO plugs that are used on “dual insulated” equipment that are designed to be safe to be operated without ground.
SCHUKO design is very safe for users to use. When inserted into the socket, the Schuko plug covers the socket cavity (1) and establishes protective-earth connection through the earth clips (2) before the line and neutral pins (3) establish contact, thereby preventing users from touching connected pins. A pair of non-conductive guiding notches (4) on the left and right side provides extra stability, enabling the safe use of large and heavy plugs (e.g. with built-in transformers or timers).
Some countries, including Portugal, Finland, Denmark, Norway and Sweden, require child-proof socket shutters; the German DIN 49440-1:2006-01 standard does not have this requirement.
FRANCE plug
The second most common socket is the French type, which like the Schuko is rated at 230v 16A, and has two 4.8mm x 19mm pins. France, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Poland use the CEE 7/6 plug and CEE 7/5 socket with the same size and spacing of the main pins as SCHUKO but with a male protective-earth pin on the socket instead of the earth clips, and without the guiding notches at the sides. The earth connection is made by an earth pin which protrudes from the socket, and engages with a hole in the plug.
The protruding earth pin means that the plug can only be inserted one way around, but the major issue is that until 2002, there was no convention as to whether sockets had the live wired to the left or right receptacle You therefore have a 50:50 chance of it being wired “the correct way” and unlike with the Schuko socket, you cannot rotate the plug 180 degrees.
In order to bridge the differences between German and French standards, the CEE 7/7 plug was developed. It has a hole to accept the earth pin on a French socket, and side strips to connect to the earth clips on the side of German sockets. Most modern moulded Schuko plugs, and good-quality rewirable replacements, are a hybrid version (“CEE 7/7″) with an aperture that accommodates the earth pin of CEE 7/5 sockets.
Other outlet types
Denmark and Greenland use their own 16A socket. The socket looks quite similar to a Schuko/French socket, but the grounding is different than in those (third pin on socket). Denmark also supports using French sockets and Schuko sockets.
Historically Italy has had its own specific three pin plug and socket, available in 10A and 16A versions. Many modern sockets will accept both 10A and 16A plugs. Many buildings now have the Bipasso/Schuko socket, which can be used with both Italian and Schuko plugs. Also Switzerland and Liechtenstein use their own specific three socket, available in 10A and 16A versions. Britain has it’s own set of mains outlets that are different from ones used in continental Europe.
Europlug
The Europlug is a flat, two-pole, round-pin domestic AC power plug, rated for voltages up to 250 V and currents up to 2.5 A. It is a compromise design intended to connect low-power Class II appliances safely to the many different forms of round-pin domestic power socket used across Europe. It is compatible with SCHUKO, France type outlet and several other outlet types in use in Europe (except UK outlets).
The Europlug design, intended for use with socket-outlets meeting other standards, appeared first in 1963 as Alternative II of Standard Sheet XVI in the second edition of CEE Publication 7 by the contributing members. The Europlug is therefore sometimes also referred to as the “CEE 7/16 Alternative II plug” or simply as the “CEE 7/16 plug”.
It is a small size plug that allows compact power cables and mobile phone changers. Europlugs are only designed for low-power (less than 2.5 A) Class II (double-insulated) devices that operate at normal room temperature and do not require a protective-earth connection. The Europlug is designed to be compatible with mains socket types C, E, F, and K (all have 4.8 mm holes with centres spaced 19 mm apart).The Europlug is not designed to be compatible with mains sockets used in UK.
The dimensions of the Europlug were chosen for compatibility and safe use, such that with continental European domestic power sockets. The plug is designed so that a reliable contact is established when the plug is fully inserted and no live conductive parts are accessible while the plug is inserted into each type of socket: it is not possible to establish a connection between one pin and a live socket contact while the other pin is accessible.
Europlugs are designed to be non-rewirable and must be supplied attached to a power cord. Europlugs are designed to be used with ‘double-insulated’ or ‘all-insulated’ apparatus is made which does not require earthing. Double insulation means what its name says, and all live conductors are separated from the outside world by two separate and distinctive layers of insulation. Each layer of insulation would adequately insulate the conductor on its own, but together they virtually negate the probability of danger arising from insulation failure. Typically the double insulated devices are built into insulating plastic case, but in some case also metal case is possible (for example on amplifiers, CD/DVD players and VCRs). Double insulation avoids the requirement for any external metalwork of the equipment to be protected by an earth conductor.
Three phase power
In northern and central Europe, residential electrical supply is commonly supplied with 400 V three-phase electric power, which gives 400V between phases and 230 V between any single phase and neutral. This three phase power system is called THREE-PHASE STAR; FOUR-WIRE; EARTHED NEUTRAL system. Electric power distribution throughout Finland and many parts of Europe is made by 230/400Vac, 3 phase, four wire, Multiple Earth Neutral (MEN). Typically one or three phases are brought into the customer’s premises depending on the maximum demand. Three phase power is normally available in at least Finland, Sweden and Germany being used for ovens, electric stoves, large motors and dryers. Three phase power is also typically available in places where large sound and light systems are used (around stages etc.) and in construction sites. Three phase outlets typically use industrial CEE FORM connectors for three phase temporary power output (typically 3x16A or 3x32A).
When three phase power is used (for example in industrial applications, construction sites and concert AV systems) the most common connector type is five pin CEEFORM connector.
Safety issues on lamps sockets
Edison screw (ES) is a standard lightbulb socket for electric light bulbs. It was developed by Thomas Edison, patented in 1881. Edison screw has been the most commonly used light bulb socket for general lighting for very long time. In Europe the most commonly used Edison light bulb socket sizes are E27 (ES) and E14 (Small ES, SES) with right-hand threads.
For bulbs powered by AC current, the thread is generally connected to neutral and the contact on the bottom tip of the base is connected to the “live” phase. This works for fixed installed lights, but for lamps that are plugged in to the mains outlets, you don’t know which wire going to socket will be live or neutral. Or this reason a “safer Edison” light bulb socket has been developed and is commonly used. That socket has contacts on the bottom and not connected to scree threads (that can be made of metal or plastic). Having the contacts on the bottom of the socket makes the light socket safer to handle when changing the light bulb.
The bulb starts to makes contact with live and neutral contacts on the socket bottom only when it is screwed pretty much full into the socket. The bulb is screwed in at the time so much that the user can’t anymore tough the metal threads of the light bulb.
Wire size and fuses
In continental Europe the breakers/fuse sizes used in the breaker panel are normally 10A or 16A. The wire size inside the wall is normally 1.5 mm2 for outlets protected with 10A fuse/breaker. When the circuit used 16A fuse/breaker, thicket 2.5mm2 wire is normally used to them. The grounded outlets have three wires going to them: live, neutral and ground.
The extension cords are typically built using 1.5 mm2 flexible wire, because it can handle current up to 16A without heating too much (will get somewhat warm on full 16A). Long extension cords for heavy use sometimes use 2.5 mm2 wire thickness.
The cables feeding equipment are typically use 1.5 mm2, 1 mm2 or 0.75 mm2 wires depending on the power equipment uses. The 1.5 mm2 wire is OK for full continuous 16A current, while 1.0 mm2 can handle 10A. The thin 0.75 mm2 wire can handle only 6A current. Those thinner wires are allowed and even safe even on circuit protected with 16A breaker/fuse on the conditions that the equipment being powered is protected so that it can’t take more power than the wire can handle (fuse inside rated to power it takes for example) and the mains cable when faces short circuit will trips the up to 16A fuse/breaker before the cable starts to melt.
Equipment design
All devices should be designed to expect live on both mains power carrying wires, because configurations where either one of them can be live or neutral are possible. Under the European Low Voltage Directive (which applies across the whole EU, the EEA and countries that follow CENELEC standards) all appliances brought to market have to be safe to use in either polarity.
The neutral side might not be near the ground potential. It’s also possible that you may have a neutral fault on a TN-C/TN-C-S system as used in the UK and Ireland etc, which could introduce a significant voltage on neutral. There are also installations where both mains wires can be live compared to ground (some locations in Norway, some old installations, some isolated power on hospitals).
Some appliances do not require an earth connection. They are known as type 2 and will have a symbol of a square inside a slightly larger square on the appliance label. Other clues (although not 100% reliable), are a plastic case or flat 2 core cable. Those dual isolated devices appliances are typically supplied with Euro plug.
For best electrical design safety it would be best that the mains switch switches both mains power wires to guarantee that there is no voltage present in the device when the power is turned off. If a double pole switch is fit for its purpose, voltage and current ratings not exceeded, it will usually be safer than a single pole switch. There is no problem if extension cord has “switched” hot and neutral.
In practical equipment there are many devices that do not switch both lines on mains switch. his indeed means that the power supply electronics is on ground or live potential, when switched off. But I don’t see a big problem here is the device is well built. Some issue pertains to the isolation of devices from live using single pole switches, internal fuses and breaker/cut-outs.
In some cases equipment can have dual fuses (one for each incoming mains wire) to make sure that there is always fuse on the live side. The lack of polarisation might explain why some regulatory regimes in Europe are keen on double pole breakers. Majority of equipment have only one fuse in the mains input, so depending the power plug direction, it might end to be at the live or neutral side. Once single phase 230v is supplied, the lack of polarisations means that on an appliance with a single pole switch, or a device containing an internal fuse/cut-out that there is a 50:50 chance that some parts of the circuitry will still be “live” if it’s turned off or the internal fuse blows or a cut-out trips. Be careful out there!
132 Comments
Tomi Engdahl says:
Types Of RCD
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5WNAHhQEn9U
Types of Residual Current Devices, Type AC, A, F, B and B+. What each type is intended for and what fault currents they will work with.
Effective September 2022, BS7671 requires a minimum of Type A for the majority of installations.
However some devices are not suitable for use with Type A and require others such as Type F or B.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Fault finding on a Ring Final Circuit using R1+R2 & R1+RN, the only way to prove polarity AM2 AM2S
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BKd7_dHBnG8
In this video I talk you through testing end to ends on the ring to prove you have a ring to start with, how to check your r1 and rn are within tolerance, which would show you if you had a poor termination, before finally checking the r2 value if you have twin and earth, using the ratio of 2.5/1.5 = 1.67 times smaller.
I then show you why we connect into a figure of eight, and then create a table to show you how you can prove the fault, before removing the socket and how you can check polarity at the same time.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Secret Hack – Wiring a UK 13A plug – BS1363
https://www.youtube.com/shorts/4HvLTNy_uyw
Tomi Engdahl says:
UK power:
Transformers & Earth Connections
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fRhofcMyAyk
Earth connections used with isolating transformers and building site transformers.
An isolating transformer has no connection to earth at all, although the mains earth connection is often continued through to the outlet socket.
A 110V site transformer has the centre of the output winding connected to earth, so that both output conductors are at 55V relative to earth.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Ring Final Circuit Test Sequence! (For Electrical Apprentices) – Electricians Life UK
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IH8DBJTN9yY
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://zandz.com/en/library/tn-s-tn-c-tnc-s-tt-it-grounding-systems/
https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/choosing-neutral-earthing-system#emc-tt-system
https://www.linquip.com/blog/tt-earthing-system/?amp=1
Tomi Engdahl says:
Tripping Every Breaker in Italy
https://youtu.be/A3Dblph1fig
Tomi Engdahl says:
Germans do the PERFECT Electrical Wiring! (Be my Judge)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wsJONukJlLI
In this video I will show you how I did the electrical installation in my new garage. That means I will show you the basic stuff like mounting and wiring up switches, outlets, lamps, fuses,…… But I will also include some more advanced and super awesome stuff like a CEE socket, emergency stop switches and special cable ducts. So let me show you how German electricians do such work and maybe I can inspire you for your next electrical installation.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Mikä on nollavika?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zdKGyno3cB4
Tomi Engdahl says:
How to Build Up a Schneider Electric Multi-row consumer unit
https://youtube.com/shorts/oaaefkUDI8U?feature=share
Tomi Engdahl says:
HAVE YOU SEEN THIS BEFORE? BOOTLACE FERRULES. ELECTRICIAN UK
https://youtube.com/shorts/oOOsdvc7mcw?feature=share
Tomi Engdahl says:
How to Extend Short Wires | Easy Fix Anyone Can Do
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IkQ35ebwQeY
In this electrical DIY guide i will be showing you how to extend short cable. I will take you through step by step, showing you how to splice cables the easy way. If you like the video then leave a like and please subscribe for more content like this as I’ve got a lot more to come and there will be something that will help you out.
Two additions, that may increase savety, when working on electric installations.
1) Always start with the earth wire. If you do that, earth will always be connected first and provide that scant more of sefety, if something goes wrong.
2) Always make the earth wire a bit longer than the other two. So if something gets pulled out, or pulled apart, it loses connection last.
Tomi Engdahl says:
The case of the mysterious cable arcing
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ktNxF5SmZGg
Reece sent this plug-in thermostat and extension cable after an incident when he plugged it in and the cable immediately started burning in the vicinity of the sensor cable.
Quite interesting analysis of the cable damage with bonus teardown of the thermostat.
In hindsight, the fault may have been initiated by the core being partially cut through, as indicated by the outer damage on the cable.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Can I Use Connectors Inside Trunking to Extend Cables?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SrvTFOhpIUI
Electricians often ask this question but struggle to find an answer. Joe Robinson delves deep into the UK wiring regulations BS7671 to find out more. Electricians often need to extend existing circuits to install a new consumer unit or make an addition to a circuit. Placing connectors inside trunking would seem a logical approach in many installations. However, what are the risks and does it matter if the trunking is plastic or metal?
Viewer comments:
Interesting video. Personally, I would add an enclosure to the trunking if necessary to extend a circuit. Alternatively, if a circuit is wired in trunking and the cables are accessible, then I would prefer to replace the leg of the circuit if possible.
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://hackaday.com/2023/04/12/tech-in-plain-sight-field-guide-to-power-plugs/
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://etn.fi/index.php/89-advertorial/14806-wiha-merkkinen-mittauslaitteisto
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://renoa.fi/nykyaikainen-omakotitalon-sahkojarjestelma/
Tomi Engdahl says:
Suomalainen Heikki keksi sähkön mittaukseen lähes maagisen keinon, jota kukaan muu maailmassa ei osaa – Vaatii 0,000 000 01 sekunnin ajastusta, voi leikata päästöjä 300 miljoonaa tonnia
https://www.tekniikkatalous.fi/uutiset/suomalainen-heikki-keksi-sahkon-mittaukseen-lahes-maagisen-keinon-jota-kukaan-muu-maailmassa-ei-osaa-vaatii-0-000-000-01-sekunnin-ajastusta-voi-leikata-paastoja-300-miljoonaa-tonnia/4f54b96e-d73e-4f4b-a746-a5e4395957ea
Suomalais-brittiläinen keksintö voi leikata päästöjä paljon. Otimme selvää, mistä on kyse ja miten järjestelmä toimii.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Newest Smart Distribution Panel Solution by KC868-H32BS Controller
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dbmnVnNp-oI
We have designed new smart controller KC868-H32BS. it have 6 digital input ports for sensors, 34 digital input ports for self-reset switch button and 32 P-MOSFET output ports, support use RF 433MHz wireless remoter. Add RS485 Modbus port. Also support MQTT and HTTP command for development.
This video show you how to DIY smart Smart Distribution Panel by KC868-H32BS controller and OMRON removable relay module.
Tomi Engdahl says:
The Ultimate Guide to the Wago 221 Inline Connector
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r7KW2QOfpN8
The Wago 221 inline connector is a great alternative to butt crimps or choc block style connections. In our full Wago product review, we show how to use the connector, compatibility with different conductor types, current ratings and test points.
00:00 Wago 221 now available in the UK
00:40 An alternative to butt or through crimps
01:21 Wago 221 Current rating and approvals – ENEC, UL & PSE
02:00 Conductor strip length
02:20 Conductor types and cross-sectional area
04:00 How to use a Wago 221 inline connector
04:57 Wago 221 inline carrier
05:50 Cable tie strain relief
07:03 Chassis mount Wago 221 inline carrier
07:40 Using with Wagobox light
08:55 Wago 221 inline test points
10:10 Wago test probes
Tomi Engdahl says:
American vs European Power Sockets: What’s The Difference?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kPMd8NWYc6o
Today I’m taking a look at a standard power socket from North America and a Schuko one from Europe! We’ll be comparing them and showing how they’re wired up, as well as their respective wall boxes.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Weird Old Plugs from Italy, and How They’re Built
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bmCKgN1RMNI
Tomi Engdahl says:
Fused Spurs another Mystery of UK Wiring
https://www.youtube.com/shorts/V6lxgyzn-SE
How to Build Up a Schneider Electric Multi-row consumer unit
https://www.youtube.com/shorts/oaaefkUDI8U
Tomi Engdahl says:
IEC 60320
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_60320
IEC 60320 Appliance couplers for household and similar general purposes[1] is a set of standards from the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) specifying non-locking connectors for connecting power supply cords to electrical appliances of voltage not exceeding 250 V (a.c.) and rated current not exceeding 16 A
Unlike IEC 60309 connectors, they are not coded for voltage; users must ensure that the voltage rating of the equipment is compatible with the mains supply. The standard uses the term coupler to encompass connectors on power cords and power inlets and outlets built into appliances.
The first edition of IEC 320 (later renumbered IEC 60320) was published in 1970.
North American rating agencies (CSA, NOM-ANCE, and UL) will certify IEC 60320 connectors for higher currents than are specified in the IEC standard itself.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Electrician Uses the Power of THE FORCE
https://www.youtube.com/shorts/aAIAZfvlckM
Tomi Engdahl says:
Electric Wiring in Italy – You Won’t Believe What They Do!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jSdfJabUEUQ
Have you ever wondered what electrical wiring in a house looks like in Italy compared to the UK? Gordon Routledge takes us on an enlightening journey through a project in Puglia, Italy investigating how Italians install and protect their electrical systems. He uncovers the secrets behind flexible conduits, robust earthing systems and generous consumer units. Along the way, he explores the importance of solar power and how the electrical supply is changing for the future.
Thanks to Nicola Isetta & Reisarchitettura
https://reisarchitettura.it/en/home/
=========================================
00:00 Welcome to Puglia Italy
00:40 Flexible conduit is everywhere
01:01 Electrical supply to the installation
01:45 Builders temporary supply
02:00 Consumer unit location
03:31 Bathroom – pullcords and sockets
04:08 Emergency lighting
04:24 No need for ladders
04:52 Some issues are universal – plasterers
05:10 Backbox installation
05:40 Earthing arrangements – Ring earth electrodes
06:30 Safe zones
07:37 Easy life
07:52 Solar panel requirements in Italy
08:58 Heat pumps for heating and cooling
09:45 Who designed the electrical system
10:19 Electrical supplies in Italy – the standard used to be 3kW!
11:15 Electrical load control
12:03 Revealed: The conduit colour code
12:48 Stay tuned for the second fix
==========================================
Tomi Engdahl says:
How to Future Proof Your Lighting Circuit with a Neutral at the Switch – 3 Plate Wiring Method
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1XcxdvFRyY0
How to change the connection in ceiling rose and pendant and make sure the electrical installation is future proofed for smart switches. We look at the layout of a ceiling rose and its connections – loop, neutral and switching line. We see how we could replace the twin and CPC to the light switch with a 3 core and CPC and therefore take the neutral from the lighting point to the switch. The connections in the ceiling rose are for the 3 plate method of wiring a lighting point are explained as well as the new connection in the light switch. We see 2 different ways that the neutral can be connected within the lights switch.
== Time Stamps – Cut to the action ==
00:00 – How to get a neutral at the switch
00:31 – Layout in a ceiling rose
00:54 – Connections in the light switch
02:48 – Comments PLEASE
03:29 – Removing the cable to the switch
04:03 – Install a 3 core and CPC cable during the first fix
04:32 – What colours what conductors
05:13 – Connecting the CPC
06:32 – Connecting the neutral
08:00 – Connecting the permeant line to the loop
08:29 – Connecting the switching line conductor
09:26 – Stripping the cable at the switch
09:53 – Connecting the CPC in the switch
10:45 – Connecting the switching line and permeant line at the switch
11:42 – Switch connected
12:01 – Wago splice connector
12:43 – Neutral connected
13:03 – Neutral connection in the switch
14:07 – Connecting the switch (number 2)
14:42 – Connections explained
Tomi Engdahl says:
Electrical Wiring in Spain is SO Different
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=leZdlQKWu1M
Electricians in the UK may be surprised by the electrical wiring techniques used in Spain. While electrical wiring is supposed to be harmonised across Europe, Spain has adopted a very different approach to wiring everything from consumer units, lighting circuits and even earthing arrangements.
Gordon Routledge dropped in to see local electrician Mark Fradley of 9 Plus Instalaciones to go under the cover.
TIME STAMPS
======================
00:00 Electrical wiring on holiday
00:24 Electrician to the rich and famous Mark Fradley
00:40 Meanwhile, in the plant room – yes, it’s a landlords supply
01:00 Time switch contactors
02:00 Overvoltage & Surge protection
02:54 Under the consumer unit cover
04:50 A different way of earthing
05:50 Power distribution to apartments
07:47 Bottle fuses
09:10 Busbars
09:57 Plastic conduit installation
10:30 Junction boxes (register boxes)
11:00 Plastic cable tray
12:00 Light switch wiring
13:04 Time for lunch!
Tomi Engdahl says:
The SECRET to Faster Insulation Resistance Testing – TIS ECO MFT
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=__6gT2CZ10M
Are you in the market for an affordable and feature-packed electrician’s multifunction tester? Look no further than the TIS ECO MFT! Despite its budget-friendly price, this tester doesn’t skimp on functionality. In fact, it offers a range of features that can simplify an electrician’s work, particularly when it comes to insulation resistance testing. Want to know more? Join Gary Hayers as he delves into the auto test function and safety voltage options that make this tester truly stand out.
==============================================
00:00 The reasonably priced TIS ECO Multi-function tester
00:18 Removing loads which cause insulation test errors
00:50 Setting up an automatic insulation test
01:50 Ramp voltage to identify connected loads
02:20 Tip commander lead with help screen
03:55 Not okay – insulation test failed
==============================================
Tomi Engdahl says:
Wago Connectors Compared | What Wire Connectors Are The Best?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kr3gxIoohXw
Tomi Engdahl says:
5 Deadly Hidden Electrical Faults
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hItQnCaGCU
Electricity can be very dangerous, more so when you don’t even know what you’re doing. Unfortunately, many homeowners still decide to work on their own electrics despite the potential risks. In this episode, we’re challenging our apprentice Reuben to find five electrical faults, that are far more common than you may think.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Unveiling the Trick Behind 2-Wire Earth Loop Testing: TIS ECO MFT
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nlvv5ALDD_c
Tomi Engdahl says:
You’ll be Shocked By How Much Torque Changes Electrical Resistance
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EB-Zh89nHnk
How tight your make your electrical connections can have a dramatic effect on their resistance. Higher resistance translates into more power dissipating within the connection as electrical current increases.
Manufacturers of electrical equipment often specify a recommended torque value. What happens when you don’t achieve this value or exceeded it.
As part of our eFIXX Talk the Torque series, Dr Robert Weller of Electrical Investigations demonstrates how to measure contact resistance and how it changes within the terminals of a consumer unit main switch.
Tomi Engdahl says:
FERRULES ON STRANDED CONDUCTORS: Should you use them?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ia13o1I6DkM
Ferrules are a great way to improve the reliability of electrical connections, especially with fine stranded flexible conductors.
However, can they be used on stranded conductors, which are used as part of fixed electrical installations?
Class 2 conductors are used within conduit wiring and larger sizes of twin and earth cables.
00:00 Ferrules and class 2 stranded conductors
00:47 Class 2 conductor
01:15 German DIN standard
02:02 Ferrules need to fit onto class 2, 5 and 6 conductors
02:32 Testing procedure for class 5 conductors only…
Tomi Engdahl says:
UNDERSTANDING CLASSES of ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS – lets get counting!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wX-NYCEfVlk
f you look at a datasheet for cables and wires you’ll often see conductor class mentioned?
The class of conductor determines how flexible the cable is, the diameter and the resistance.
The subtle difference between the different types can have a dramatic effect on the specification of an electrical installation.
00:00 Electrical conductor classes as defined in IEC 60228. (bs en 60228)
01:02 Common cables and their conductor classes.
01:59 Class 1 conductor – solid copper
03:00 Class 2 conductors – min 7 strands
03:35 Class 5 conductor – e.g Tri-rated cable and flex
04:10 How many strands in a 16mm sq class 5 conductor
05:23 Maximum strand diameters to make a conductor and resistance
05:54 Class 6 conductor – very, very flexible!
06:30 How many strands in a 16 mm sq class 6 conductor
07:46 Missing strands in sub-standard cables
08:40 Stranded conductors have a slightly higher resistance
09:10 Conductor diameters
10:07 Flexible conductors on RCBO”s and consumer unit connections.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Wire Ferrules Explained: Why are Ferrules Used and How are Ferrules Crimped
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=os66cID30Ek
Tomi Engdahl says:
STOP Connecting Stranded Wire Like an Animal – Do it LIKE A PRO!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u9jJqSGMB5g
Tomi Engdahl says:
Knipex vs Preciva Ferrule Crimping Tool
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uhe083KI_c0
Cord End Terminals / Bootlace Ferrules for Fine Stranded Wires
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yKCSbpFmpo0
Tomi Engdahl says:
“IEC:n standardin 60884-1 päivitys tunnetaan työnimellä super-schuko/high load profile plugs. Uusi pistoketyyppi saattaa tuoda helpotusta myös sähköautojen lataukseen, sillä tavallinen suko-pistoke sopii suoraan uuteen pistorasiaan, mutta pistorasian vahvistettu rakenne mahdollistaa nykyistä suuremman kuormituksen.
Siinä missä nykyisten sukojen (CEE 7/7) lämpeneminen on testattu ja standardisoitu kestämään kahdeksan ampeerin jatkuva kuormitus ja tunnin hetkellinen kuormitus 22 ampeerin virralla, pitäisi uuden version kestää jatkuva 16 ampeerin kuormitus ja viiden tunnin kuormitus 26 ampeerin virralla.”
https://keskustelu.suomi24.fi/t/15294077/super-suko-tulee-oletko-valmis
Tomi Engdahl says:
Electrical Control Panel Wiring in 9 Minutes with KNX
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q8iWwK-XxEw
Want to see what the whole electrical control panel wiring and build look like? In this talk through video I’ll show you my process.
0:00 – Electrical control panel wiring begins
0:36 – The enclosure backplate
2:20 – Fitting the components & KNX control system
3:48 – 230VAC wiring
4:55 – KNX wiring
5:44 – The enclosure door
6:47 – Fitting the Zennio Z70
7:18 – Modifications (standard)
7:40 – Wiring the control panel door
9:20 – The trunking lids
If you’re an electrician, engineer or just an electrical control panel enthusiast and have been looking for a video to take you through the whole process from marking out the backplate for the DIN Rail and trunking to wiring the PLC you need not look any further further.
In 9 minutes (9.11*) I’m going to talk you through the process I take when building a control panel. This project is for a high end residential property in London where we are controlling the HVAC & BMS using KNX as the control system.
Home Automation 32CH Distribution Board DIY | Smart IOT Project 2023!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ae4CDMBKRwA
Tomi Engdahl says:
Installing LED Floodlights Just Got Easier… Here’s How!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cCEjOQgW1n4
Tomi Engdahl says:
The Most Dangerous Electrical Fault & How to Spot It
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JKhNDLRH_LY
Electricity is very dangerous but modern installation are made safe using a combination of technology and safe installation practices. Despite this, dangerous faults are still possible. In this video I talk about loose neutral faults which are among the most dangerous electrical faults.
Tomi Engdahl says:
BROKEN NEUTRAL – HOW TO FIND IT – HOW TO TEST THE CIRCUIT AND THE VOLTAGE READINGS TO BE EXPECTED
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=getdVtBfgvA
Tomi Engdahl says:
Prat in McHat talks PAT… testing
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u4Q1ziVSzvU
Electric Kettle | Testing of Class I Appliances | MI 3360 | How To Video (UK)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wp_s2PNOVW8
Tomi Engdahl says:
MIKSI SÄHKÖSANEERAUS ON AJANKOHTAINEN YLI 30 VUOTTA VANHOISSA OMAKOTITALOISSA?
https://renoa.fi/miksi-sahkosaneeraus-on-ajankohtainen/
NYKYAIKAINEN OMAKOTITALON SÄHKÖJÄRJESTELMÄ
https://renoa.fi/nykyaikainen-omakotitalon-sahkojarjestelma/
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://www.carroll-meynell.com/three-phase-to-single-phase/
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://www.carroll-meynell.com/110v-electrical-supply-systems/
Tomi Engdahl says:
Unveiling the Hidden Surprise in this Game Changing Socket
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1w3Xb76DHj4
Introducing MK Connected Power: the ultimate electrical socket that revolutionizes energy management. Now, energy managers and building owners can effortlessly monitor and control the power consumption of plug-in loads. But that’s not all! This innovative socket also detects electrical faults and identifies maintenance issues. And the best part? It seamlessly integrates into a full building management system.
Get ready for a whole new level of power control and energy saving.
======================================
00:00 Is this worlds smartest electrical socket?
00:39 What’s inside?
01:18 Plug in appliances within commercial buildings
01:48 How do they work?
02:20 Applications and use cases
03:20 Power measurements and limiting
04:01 Appliance overheating
04:45 Scheduling
05:43 Limiting inrush currents
06:10 Set-up with Connected Power App
06:43 Electricians will love this feature
07:10 Business opportunity for electricians
======================================
Tomi Engdahl says:
Alarming Statistics: Solar Panel Risks Exposed
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FJEccHSTaVc
A major pay breakthrough this week as the electricians’ union and the company bosses agree on the highest wage increase in years…
…a shock report reveals major safety concerns at nearly ALL solar installations…
…and MK unveils a revolutionary all-knowing and all-seeing double socket…
Welcome to Electrical News Weekly 10th July 2023
==============================
Time Stamps ⏱
00:00 Welcome
00:37 The biggest pay rise for Sparks in years
01:09 Nearly ALL solar installations have major safety concerns
02:00 Mother whose son was electrocuted urges hospitality sector to increase safety
02:48 How would you like to help draw up a safety standard?
03:18 MK unveils the world’s smartest double socket
04:03 This tent can help you carry on working in the rain
04:37 Handy wall-mounted toothbrush socket
04:55 NEW SECTION – Ask the expert
05:23 Why is it so hard to get reliable results for loop impedance tests?
05:57 Why does automatic RCD testing take so long?
06:17 Can I test EV charge points with a multifunction tester?
06:55 Thanks to our premium partners
===============================
Tomi Engdahl says:
Connecting an electrical meter to a live service cut out
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zBU1iaixW-c
In this video im moving and connecting an electrical meter to a live domestic service head as the DNO and energy company refused to do it!