The idea for this posting started when I read New approaches to dominate in embedded development article. Then I found some ther related articles and here is the result: long article.
Embedded devices, or embedded systems, are specialized computer systems that constitute components of larger electromechanical systems with which they interface. The advent of low-cost wireless connectivity is altering many things in embedded development: With a connection to the Internet, an embedded device can gain access to essentially unlimited processing power and memory in cloud service – and at the same time you need to worry about communication issues like breaks connections, latency and security issues.
Those issues are espcecially in the center of the development of popular Internet of Things device and adding connectivity to existing embedded systems. All this means that the whole nature of the embedded development effort is going to change. A new generation of programmers are already making more and more embedded systems. Rather than living and breathing C/C++, the new generation prefers more high-level, abstract languages (like Java, Python, JavaScript etc.). Instead of trying to craft each design to optimize for cost, code size, and performance, the new generation wants to create application code that is separate from an underlying platform that handles all the routine details. Memory is cheap, so code size is only a minor issue in many applications.
Historically, a typical embedded system has been designed as a control-dominated system using only a state-oriented model, such as FSMs. However, the trend in embedded systems design in recent years has been towards highly distributed architectures with support for concurrency, data and control flow, and scalable distributed computations. For example computer networks, modern industrial control systems, electronics in modern car,Internet of Things system fall to this category. This implies that a different approach is necessary.
Companies are also marketing to embedded developers in new ways. Ultra-low cost development boards to woo makers, hobbyists, students, and entrepreneurs on a shoestring budget to a processor architecture for prototyping and experimentation have already become common.If you look under the hood of any connected embedded consumer or mobile device, in addition to the OS you will find a variety of middleware applications. As hardware becomes powerful and cheap enough that the inefficiencies of platform-based products become moot. Leaders with Embedded systems development lifecycle management solutions speak out on new approaches available today in developing advanced products and systems.
Traditional approaches
C/C++
Tradionally embedded developers have been living and breathing C/C++. For a variety of reasons, the vast majority of embedded toolchains are designed to support C as the primary language. If you want to write embedded software for more than just a few hobbyist platforms, your going to need to learn C. Very many embedded systems operating systems, including Linux Kernel, are written using C language. C can be translated very easily and literally to assembly, which allows programmers to do low level things without the restrictions of assembly. When you need to optimize for cost, code size, and performance the typical choice of language is C. Still C is today used for maximum efficiency instead of C++.
C++ is very much alike C, with more features, and lots of good stuff, while not having many drawbacks, except fror it complexity. The had been for years suspicion C++ is somehow unsuitable for use in small embedded systems. At some time many 8- and 16-bit processors were lacking a C++ compiler, that may be a concern, but there are now 32-bit microcontrollers available for under a dollar supported by mature C++ compilers.Today C++ is used a lot more in embedded systems. There are many factors that may contribute to this, including more powerful processors, more challenging applications, and more familiarity with object-oriented languages.
And if you use suitable C++ subset for coding, you can make applications that work even on quite tiny processors, let the Arduino system be an example of that: You’re writing in C/C++, using a library of functions with a fairly consistent API. There is no “Arduino language” and your “.ino” files are three lines away from being standard C++.
Today C++ has not displaced C. Both of the languages are widely used, sometimes even within one system – for example in embedded Linux system that runs C++ application. When you write a C or C++ programs for modern Embedded Linux you typically use GCC compiler toolchain to do compilation and make file to manage compilation process.
Most organization put considerable focus on software quality, but software security is different. When the security is very much talked about topic todays embedded systems, the security of the programs written using C/C++ becomes sometimes a debated subject. Embedded development presents the challenge of coding in a language that’s inherently insecure; and quality assurance does little to ensure security. The truth is that majority of today’s Internet connected systems have their networking fuctionality written using C even of the actual application layer is written using some other methods.
Java
Java is a general-purpose computer programming language that is concurrent, class-based and object-oriented.The language derives much of its syntax from C and C++, but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them. Java is intended to let application developers “write once, run anywhere” (WORA), meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation.Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine (JVM) regardless of computer architecture. Java is one of the most popular programming languages in use, particularly for client-server web applications. In addition to those it is widely used in mobile phones (Java apps in feature phones,) and some embedded applications. Some common examples include SIM cards, VOIP phones, Blu-ray Disc players, televisions, utility meters, healthcare gateways, industrial controls, and countless other devices.
Some experts point out that Java is still a viable option for IoT programming. Think of the industrial Internet as the merger of embedded software development and the enterprise. In that area, Java has a number of key advantages: first is skills – there are lots of Java developers out there, and that is an important factor when selecting technology. Second is maturity and stability – when you have devices which are going to be remotely managed and provisioned for a decade, Java’s stability and care about backwards compatibility become very important. Third is the scale of the Java ecosystem – thousands of companies already base their business on Java, ranging from Gemalto using JavaCard on their SIM cards to the largest of the enterprise software vendors.
Although in the past some differences existed between embedded Java and traditional PC based Java solutions, the only difference now is that embedded Java code in these embedded systems is mainly contained in constrained memory, such as flash memory. A complete convergence has taken place since 2010, and now Java software components running on large systems can run directly with no recompilation at all on design-to-cost mass-production devices (consumers, industrial, white goods, healthcare, metering, smart markets in general,…) Java for embedded devices (Java Embedded) is generally integrated by the device manufacturers. It is NOT available for download or installation by consumers. Originally Java was tightly controlled by Sun (now Oracle), but in 2007 Sun relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GNU General Public License. Others have also developed alternative implementations of these Sun technologies, such as the GNU Compiler for Java (bytecode compiler), GNU Classpath (standard libraries), and IcedTea-Web (browser plugin for applets).
My feelings with Java is that if your embedded systems platform supports Java and you know hot to code Java, then it could be a good tool. If your platform does not have ready Java support, adding it could be quite a bit of work.
Increasing trends
Databases
Embedded databases are coming more and more to the embedded devices. If you look under the hood of any connected embedded consumer or mobile device, in addition to the OS you will find a variety of middleware applications. One of the most important and most ubiquitous of these is the embedded database. An embedded database system is a database management system (DBMS) which is tightly integrated with an application software that requires access to stored data, such that the database system is “hidden” from the application’s end-user and requires little or no ongoing maintenance.
There are many possible databases. First choice is what kind of database you need. The main choices are SQL databases and simpler key-storage databases (also called NoSQL).
SQLite is the Database chosen by virtually all mobile operating systems. For example Android and iOS ship with SQLite. It is also built into for example Firefox web browser. It is also often used with PHP. So SQLite is probably a pretty safe bet if you need relational database for an embedded system that needs to support SQL commands and does not need to store huge amounts of data (no need to modify database with millions of lines of data).
If you do not need relational database and you need very high performance, you need probably to look somewhere else.Berkeley DB (BDB) is a software library intended to provide a high-performance embedded database for key/value data. Berkeley DB is written in Cwith API bindings for many languages. BDB stores arbitrary key/data pairs as byte arrays. There also many other key/value database systems.
RTA (Run Time Access) gives easy runtime access to your program’s internal structures, arrays, and linked-lists as tables in a database. When using RTA, your UI programs think they are talking to a PostgreSQL database (PostgreSQL bindings for C and PHP work, as does command line tool psql), but instead of normal database file you are actually accessing internals of your software.
Software quality
Building quality into embedded software doesn’t happen by accident. Quality must be built-in from the beginning. Software startup checklist gives quality a head start article is a checklist for embedded software developers to make sure they kick-off their embedded software implementation phase the right way, with quality in mind
Safety
Traditional methods for achieving safety properties mostly originate from hardware-dominated systems. Nowdays more and more functionality is built using software – including safety critical functions. Software-intensive embedded systems require new approaches for safety. Embedded Software Can Kill But Are We Designing Safely?
IEC, FDA, FAA, NHTSA, SAE, IEEE, MISRA, and other professional agencies and societies work to create safety standards for engineering design. But are we following them? A survey of embedded design practices leads to some disturbing inferences about safety.Barr Group’s recent annual Embedded Systems Safety & Security Survey indicate that we all need to be concerned: Only 67 percent are designing to relevant safety standards, while 22 percent stated that they are not—and 11 percent did not even know if they were designing to a standard or not.
If you were the user of a safety-critical embedded device and learned that the designers had not followed best practices and safety standards in the design of the device, how worried would you be? I know I would be anxious, and quite frankly. This is quite disturbing.
Security
The advent of low-cost wireless connectivity is altering many things in embedded development – it has added to your list of worries need to worry about communication issues like breaks connections, latency and security issues. Understanding security is one thing; applying that understanding in a complete and consistent fashion to meet security goals is quite another. Embedded development presents the challenge of coding in a language that’s inherently insecure; and quality assurance does little to ensure security.
Developing Secure Embedded Software white paper explains why some commonly used approaches to security typically fail:
MISCONCEPTION 1: SECURITY BY OBSCURITY IS A VALID STRATEGY
MISCONCEPTION 2: SECURITY FEATURES EQUAL SECURE SOFTWARE
MISCONCEPTION 3: RELIABILITY AND SAFETY EQUAL SECURITY
MISCONCEPTION 4: DEFENSIVE PROGRAMMING GUARANTEES SECURITY
Some techniques for building security to embedded systems:
Use secure communications protocols and use VPN to secure communications
The use of Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) for boot-time and code authentication
Establishing a “chain of trust”
Process separation to partition critical code and memory spaces
Leveraging safety-certified code
Hardware enforced system partitioning with a trusted execution environment
Plan the system so that it can be easily and safely upgraded when needed
Flood of new languages
Rather than living and breathing C/C++, the new generation prefers more high-level, abstract languages (like Java, Python, JavaScript etc.). So there is a huge push to use interpreted and scripting also in embedded systems. Increased hardware performance on embedded devices combined with embedded Linux has made the use of many scripting languages good tools for implementing different parts of embedded applications (for example web user interface). Nowadays it is common to find embedded hardware devices, based on Raspberry Pi for instance, that are accessible via a network, run Linux and come with Apache and PHP installed on the device. There are also many other relevant languages
One workable solution, especially for embedded Linux systems is that part of the activities organized by totetuettu is a C program instead of scripting languages (Scripting). This enables editing operation simply script files by editing without the need to turn the whole system software again. Scripting languages are also tools that can be implemented, for example, a Web user interface more easily than with C / C ++ language. An empirical study found scripting languages (such as Python) more productive than conventional languages (such as C and Java) for a programming problem involving string manipulation and search in a dictionary.
Scripting languages have been around for a couple of decades Linux and Unix server world standard tools. the proliferation of embedded Linux and resources to merge systems (memory, processor power) growth has made them a very viable tool for many embedded systems – for example, industrial systems, telecommunications equipment, IoT gateway, etc . Some of the command language is suitable for up well even in quite small embedded environments.
I have used with embedded systems successfully mm. Bash, AWK, PHP, Python and Lua scripting languages. It works really well and is really easy to make custom code quickly .It doesn’t require a complicated IDE; all you really need is a terminal – but if you want there are many IDEs that can be used. High-level, dynamically typed languages, such as Python, Ruby and JavaScript. They’re easy—and even fun—to use. They lend themselves to code that easily can be reused and maintained.
There are some thing that needs to be considered when using scripting languages. Sometimes lack of static checking vs a regular compiler can cause problems to be thrown at run-time. But it is better off practicing “strong testing” than relying on strong typing. Other ownsides of these languages is that they tend to execute more slowly than static languages like C/C++, but for very many aplications they are more than adequate. Once you know your way around dynamic languages, as well the frameworks built in them, you get a sense of what runs quickly and what doesn’t.
Bash and other shell scipting
Shell commands are the native language of any Linux system. With the thousands of commands available for the command line user, how can you remember them all? The answer is, you don’t. The real power of the computer is its ability to do the work for you – the power of the shell script is the way to easily to automate things by writing scripts. Shell scripts are collections of Linux command line commands that are stored in a file. The shell can read this file and act on the commands as if they were typed at the keyboard.In addition to that shell also provides a variety of useful programming features that you are familar on other programming langauge (if, for, regex, etc..). Your scripts can be truly powerful. Creating a script extremely straight forward: It can be created by opening a separate editor such or you can do it through a terminal editor such as VI (or preferably some else more user friendly terminal editor). Many things on modern Linux systems rely on using scripts (for example starting and stopping different Linux services at right way).
The most common type of shell script is a bash script. Bash is a commonly used scripting language for shell scripts. In BASH scripts (shell scripts written in BASH) users can use more than just BASH to write the script. There are commands that allow users to embed other scripting languages into a BASH script.
There are also other shells. For example many small embedded systems use BusyBox. BusyBox providesis software that provides several stripped-down Unix tools in a single executable file (more than 300 common command). It runs in a variety of POSIX environments such as Linux, Android and FreeeBSD. BusyBox become the de facto standard core user space toolset for embedded Linux devices and Linux distribution installers.
Shell scripting is a very powerful tool that I used a lot in Linux systems, both embedded systems and servers.
Lua
Lua is a lightweight cross-platform multi-paradigm programming language designed primarily for embedded systems and clients. Lua was originally designed in 1993 as a language for extending software applications to meet the increasing demand for customization at the time. It provided the basic facilities of most procedural programming languages. Lua is intended to be embedded into other applications, and provides a C API for this purpose.
Lua has found many uses in many fields. For example in video game development, Lua is widely used as a scripting language by game programmers. Wireshark network packet analyzer allows protocol dissectors and post-dissector taps to be written in Lua – this is a good way to analyze your custom protocols.
There are also many embedded applications. LuCI, the default web interface for OpenWrt, is written primarily in Lua. NodeMCU is an open source hardware platform, which can run Lua directly on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC. I have tested NodeMcu and found it very nice system.
PHP
PHP is a server-side HTML embedded scripting language. It provides web developers with a full suite of tools for building dynamic websites but can also be used as a general-purpose programming language. Nowadays it is common to find embedded hardware devices, based on Raspberry Pi for instance, that are accessible via a network, run Linux and come with Apache and PHP installed on the device. So on such enviroment is a good idea to take advantage of those built-in features for the applications they are good – for building web user interface. PHP is often embedded into HTML code, or it can be used in combination with various web template systems, web content management system and web frameworks. PHP code is usually processed by a PHP interpreter implemented as a module in the web server or as a Common Gateway Interface (CGI) executable.
Python
Python is a widely used high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability. Python interpreters are available for installation on many operating systems, allowing Python code execution on a wide variety of systems. Many operating systems include Python as a standard component; the language ships for example with most Linux distributions.
Python is a multi-paradigm programming language: object-oriented programming and structured programming are fully supported, and there are a number of language features which support functional programming and aspect-oriented programming, Many other paradigms are supported using extensions, including design by contract and logic programming.
Python is a remarkably powerful dynamic programming language that is used in a wide variety of application domains. Since 2003, Python has consistently ranked in the top ten most popular programming languages as measured by the TIOBE Programming Community Index. Large organizations that make use of Python include Google, Yahoo!, CERN, NASA. Python is used successfully in thousands of real world business applications around globally, including many large and mission-critical systems such as YouTube.com and Google.com.
Python was designed to be highly extensible. Libraries like NumPy, SciPy and Matplotlib allow the effective use of Python in scientific computing. Python is intended to be a highly readable language. Python can also be embedded in existing applications and hasbeen successfully embedded in a number of software products as a scripting language. Python can serve as a scripting language for web applications, e.g., via mod_wsgi for the Apache web server.
Python can be used in embedded, small or minimal hardware devices. Some modern embedded devices have enough memory and a fast enough CPU to run a typical Linux-based environment, for example, and running CPython on such devices is mostly a matter of compilation (or cross-compilation) and tuning. Various efforts have been made to make CPython more usable for embedded applications.
For more limited embedded devices, a re-engineered or adapted version of CPython, might be appropriate. Examples of such implementations include the following: PyMite, Tiny Python, Viper. Sometimes the embedded environment is just too restrictive to support a Python virtual machine. In such cases, various Python tools can be employed for prototyping, with the eventual application or system code being generated and deployed on the device. Also MicroPython and tinypy have been ported Python to various small microcontrollers and architectures. Real world applications include Telit GSM/GPRS modules that allow writing the controlling application directly in a high-level open-sourced language: Python.
Python on embedded platforms? It is quick to develop apps, quick to debug – really easy to make custom code quickly. Sometimes lack of static checking vs a regular compiler can cause problems to be thrown at run-time. To avoid those try to have 100% test coverage. pychecker is a very useful too also which will catch quite a lot of common errors. The only downsides for embedded work is that sometimes python can be slow and sometimes it uses a lot of memory (relatively speaking). An empirical study found scripting languages (such as Python) more productive than conventional languages (such as C and Java) for a programming problem involving string manipulation and search in a dictionary. Memory consumption was often “better than Java and not much worse than C or C++”.
JavaScript and node.js
JavaScript is a very popular high-level language. Love it or hate it, JavaScript is a popular programming language for many, mainly because it’s so incredibly easy to learn. JavaScript’s reputation for providing users with beautiful, interactive websites isn’t where its usefulness ends. Nowadays, it’s also used to create mobile applications, cross-platform desktop software, and thanks to Node.js, it’s even capable of creating and running servers and databases! There is huge community of developers. JavaScript is a high-level language.
Its event-driven architecture fits perfectly with how the world operates – we live in an event-driven world. This event-driven modality is also efficient when it comes to sensors.
Regardless of the obvious benefits, there is still, understandably, some debate as to whether JavaScript is really up to the task to replace traditional C/C++ software in Internet connected embedded systems.
It doesn’t require a complicated IDE; all you really need is a terminal.
JavaScript is a high-level language. While this usually means that it’s more human-readable and therefore more user-friendly, the downside is that this can also make it somewhat slower. Being slower definitely means that it may not be suitable for situations where timing and speed are critical.
JavaScript is already in embedded boards. You can run JavaScipt on Raspberry Pi and BeagleBone. There are also severa other popular JavaScript-enabled development boards to help get you started: The Espruino is a small microcontroller that runs JavaScript. The Tessel 2 is a development board that comes with integrated wi-fi, an ethernet port, two USB ports, and companion source library downloadable via the Node Package Manager. The Kinoma Create, dubbed the “JavaScript powered Internet of Things construction kit.”The best part is that, depending on the needs of your device, you can even compile your JavaScript code into C!
JavaScript for embedded systems is still in its infancy, but we suspect that some major advancements are on the horizon.We for example see a surprising amount of projects using Node.js.Node.js is an open-source, cross-platform runtime environment for developing server-side Web applications. Node.js has an event-driven architecture capable of asynchronous I/O that allows highly scalable servers without using threading, by using a simplified model of event-driven programming that uses callbacks to signal the completion of a task. The runtime environment interprets JavaScript using Google‘s V8 JavaScript engine.Node.js allows the creation of Web servers and networking tools using JavaScript and a collection of “modules” that handle various core functionality. Node.js’ package ecosystem, npm, is the largest ecosystem of open source libraries in the world. Modern desktop IDEs provide editing and debugging features specifically for Node.js applications
JXcore is a fork of Node.js targeting mobile devices and IoTs. JXcore is a framework for developing applications for mobile and embedded devices using JavaScript and leveraging the Node ecosystem (110,000 modules and counting)!
Why is it worth exploring node.js development in an embedded environment? JavaScript is a widely known language that was designed to deal with user interaction in a browser.The reasons to use Node.js for hardware are simple: it’s standardized, event driven, and has very high productivity: it’s dynamically typed, which makes it faster to write — perfectly suited for getting a hardware prototype out the door. For building a complete end-to-end IoT system, JavaScript is very portable programming system. Typically an IoT projects require “things” to communicate with other “things” or applications. The huge number of modules available in Node.js makes it easier to generate interfaces – For example, the HTTP module allows you to create easily an HTTP server that can easily map the GET method specific URLs to your software function calls. If your embedded platform has ready made Node.js support available, you should definately consider using it.
Future trends
According to New approaches to dominate in embedded development article there will be several camps of embedded development in the future:
One camp will be the traditional embedded developer, working as always to craft designs for specific applications that require the fine tuning. These are most likely to be high-performance, low-volume systems or else fixed-function, high-volume systems where cost is everything.
Another camp might be the embedded developer who is creating a platform on which other developers will build applications. These platforms might be general-purpose designs like the Arduino, or specialty designs such as a virtual PLC system.
This third camp is likely to become huge: Traditional embedded development cannot produce new designs in the quantities and at the rate needed to deliver the 50 billion IoT devices predicted by 2020.
Transition will take time. The enviroment is different than computer and mobile world. There are too many application areas with too widely varying requirements for a one-size-fits-all platform to arise.
Sources
Most important information sources:
New approaches to dominate in embedded development
A New Approach for Distributed Computing in Embedded Systems
New Approaches to Systems Engineering and Embedded Software Development
Embracing Java for the Internet of Things
Embedded Linux – Shell Scripting 101
Embedded Linux – Shell Scripting 102
Embedding Other Languages in BASH Scripts
PHP Integration with Embedded Hardware Device Sensors – PHP Classes blog
JavaScript: The Perfect Language for the Internet of Things (IoT)
Anyone using Python for embedded projects?
JavaScript: The Perfect Language for the Internet of Things (IoT)
MICROCONTROLLERS AND NODE.JS, NATURALLY
Node.JS Appliances on Embedded Linux Devices
The smartest way to program smart things: Node.js
Embedded Software Can Kill But Are We Designing Safely?
DEVELOPING SECURE EMBEDDED SOFTWARE
1,667 Comments
Tomi Engdahl says:
ETNdigi: Ethernet tulee teollisuusverkon reunalle
https://etn.fi/index.php/tekniset-artikkelit/15096-etndigi-ethernet-tulee-teollisuusverkon-reunalle
Microchip on tuonut markkinoille uusia teollisuustason yhden parikaapelin Ethernet -laitteita, jotka toteuttavat 10BASE-T1S- ja 100BASE-T1-yhteyksien fyysisen kerroksen. Nämä tuotteet tuovat Ethernetin teollisuuden verkkojen reunalle asti.
Single Pair Ethernet eli SPE määrittelee Ethernet-järjestelmän lähetin-vastaanotinosan. Kaikki korkeammat ohjelmistokerrokset pysyvät ennallaan nopeusluokista riippumatta. SPE:tä kutsutaan myös nimellä T1, mikä tarkoittaa yhtä balansoitua johtoparia. Jotkut sovellukset käyttävät kierrettyä johtoparia, mutta toiset käyttävät vain kahta johtoa, jotka kulkevat rinnakkain. IEEE-standardi määrittelee kanavan sen sähköisten ominaisuuksien perusteella, ei tiettyjen fyysisten johtojen perusteella.
SPE:lle on määritetty useita kaistanleveyksiä. Nimen ensimmäinen osa määrittelee megabitit sekunnissa, joten 10BASE tarkoittaa 10 Mbit/s. On olemassa standardeja 10BASE-T1S:lle (S lyhyelle etäisyydelle), 10BASE-T1L:lle (L pitkälle etäisyydelle), 100BASE-T1:lle, 1000BASE-T1:lle ja vielä korkeammat tiedonsiirtonopeudet on määritelty 2,5, 5 ja 10 gigabitille sekunnissa. SPE vähentää järjestelmän kustannuksia vähentämällä painoa ja johdotuksen monimutkaisuutta.
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://etn.fi/index.php/13-news/15102-estae-arm-pinon-ylivuoto-helposti
Saksalaisen SEGGERin Arm-prosessorien Embedded Studio -työkaluihin on lisätty STOP-teknologia, joka estää pinon ylivuodot luotettavasti. Kun STOP on käytössä, kääntäjä lisää kutsun pinon rajoituksen tarkistusrutiiniin aina tarvittaessa.
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://www.digikey.fi/en/articles/the-co-processor-architecture-an-embedded-system-architecture-for-rapid-prototyping?dclid=CLDSusuj0f8CFcnbGAodFZwBMQ
Tomi Engdahl says:
Run Machine Learning Code in an Embedded IoT Node to Easily Identify Objects
https://www.digikey.fi/en/articles/run-machine-learning-code-in-an-embedded-iot-node?dclid=CJCrssaj0f8CFRQPogMdfJYMTg
Tomi Engdahl says:
How to Perform Firmware Updates Without Halting Firmware Execution
https://www.digikey.fi/en/articles/how-to-perform-firmware-updates-without-halting-firmware-execution?dclid=CNjWhcij0f8CFSwPogMdN9sFeA
Internet of Things (IoT) sensor-based applications are expanding, and so too is the size and complexity of the microcontroller firmware in the IoT endpoint. This firmware must become more efficient to speed execution, which is one reason flash firmware updates in the field are a necessity. However, securely updating firmware in the field usually requires halting execution of firmware while the update is in progress. Depending on the architecture, the size of the update, and network speed, this can be accomplished in as quickly as a minute or as long as an hour. For critical applications this delay can be unacceptable.
This article explains the considerations for updating interrupt-driven firmware in the field and the need to keep executing application firmware while the update is in process. It then introduces the PIC32MZ2048EFH144T-I/PH microcontroller from Microchip Technology and shows how it can be used to execute firmware while simultaneously receiving updated firmware over a network.
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://hackaday.com/2023/06/19/using-trash-to-keep-plastic-trash-out-of-oceans-by-kabooming-them/
Tomi Engdahl says:
The No-Code Paradigm Shift in Product Firmware Development
https://www.renesas.com/eu/en/blogs/no-code-paradigm-shift-product-firmware-development
Low-code and no-code methodology has been steadily increasing in the DevOps space over the last decade. It uniquely rose to prominence at a crucial point where our pace of innovation driving us toward a digitized, always-on, cloud-based ecosystem outstripped the available talent pool that could develop those solutions. No-code provides tools to graphically piece together a solution, effectively democratizing the development of solutions from simple to complex, lowering the barrier to entry for not only developers but for new companies that are entering the business environment.
Yes, it is a bit of a misnomer to call it no-code. It is obvious that to make no-code tools, a lot of software development (and many hundreds of thousands of lines of code) is involved to make this a reality. But the result is a net positive for all. Developers, freed from developing and piecing together basic building blocks can now focus their time on much larger and more complicated software integration tasks. They can also use no-code tools to spend more cycles experimenting and trying out new solutions. These new proof-of-concepts will undoubtedly lead to faster innovation in their respective fields. The cycle then repeats itself as new tools arise to tackle even larger problems, freeing developers from those tasks, allowing them to spend cycles on other innovations. Wash, rinse, repeat.
So why are we talking about this in a Renesas blog? Renesas is not in the DevOps space. We are a major global semiconductor supplier. We develop chips and integrated circuits that drive and power nearly all electronic devices in use on the planet. Well, the labor crunch and shift that the DevOps world has seen is also playing itself out in the firmware development world. Let’s investigate the similarities.
Renesas believes that in the device firmware development world, we are on the precipice of the no-code revolution. Our newest tool, Quick-Connect Studio, is our first step enabling firmware developers to graphically develop at the solution level. You’ll piece together different pieces of your system like the microcontroller, BLE or Wi-Fi connectivity, and sensors in a graphical what-you-see-is-what-you-get setup. With this drag-and-drop approach, you won’t need to worry about the intricacies of how to make the pieces come together. Instead, you can focus on the larger problems of why you are inventing this solution and how it solves a particular use case or problem (Figure 1).
Using Quick-Connect Studio is as easy as following step-by-step building instructions. In your browser, you’ll graphically set up your virtual hardware the way you intend. Once you are happy with it, you’ll create and compile the project in the cloud. With the real hardware on your desk, you’ll piece together and build the system exactly how it looks in the browser. You’ll then program the dev kit with the compiled firmware and from there you are off and running. A developer can literally go from drag-and-drop to fully programmed hardware with a working example base application in under 5 minutes.
https://www.renesas.com/eu/en/software-tool/quick-connect-studio
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://www.renesas.com/eu/en/blogs/whole-lotta-shakin-goin
Tomi Engdahl says:
An Introduction to Hardware Prototyping With Raspberry Pi
https://withintent.com/blog/hardware-prototyping-with-raspberry-pi/
Raspberry Pi is a compact, affordable computer equipped with Linux OS, used for many different purposes by both hobbyists and tech companies alike. Initially created with the aim of making computing more affordable and available, it has since become the base of a variety of different projects.
One of its most important uses comes in building prototypes for hardware development. In this article, we’re going to explore the possibilities that Raspberry Pi brings to hardware, and when you should choose it as a solution for your project.
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://hackaday.com/2023/06/26/how-hardware-testing-got-plugged-into-a-continuous-integration-framework/
Tomi Engdahl says:
Then, Now and Next: Designing for Security
https://www.mouser.com/empowering-innovation/more-topics/designing-for-security?utm_source=endeavor&utm_medium=display&utm_campaign=ed-personifai-eit2022#video-security
Tomi Engdahl says:
Then, Now and Next: Immersive Technology
https://www.mouser.com/empowering-innovation/more-topics/immersive-technologies?utm_source=endeavor&utm_medium=display&utm_campaign=ed-personifai-eit2022-#video-immersivetech
Tomi Engdahl says:
How Hardware Testing Got Plugged Into A Continuous Integration Framework
https://hackaday.com/2023/06/26/how-hardware-testing-got-plugged-into-a-continuous-integration-framework/
Tomi Engdahl says:
how NASA writes space-proof code
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GWYhtksrmhE
I’ve been told the worst thing that can happen to a developer is their code crashes in production? Well…. what happens if that production environment is outer space?
Safety critical systems require strict coding standards. In this video, I discuss how NASA’s power of ten helps them write space-proof code.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Functional-Safety ICs and Reference Design Help Robots Meet IEC 61508
June 27, 2023
Sponsored by Texas Instruments: Three categories of ICs and an input-module design example give a boost to the functional safety of robotic and other factory-automation systems.
https://www.electronicdesign.com/tools/learning-resources/engineering-essentials/whitepaper/21267962/texas-instruments-functionalsafety-ics-and-reference-design-help-robots-meet-iec-61508?utm_source=EG+ED+Analog+%26+Power+Source&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=CPS230621092&o_eid=7211D2691390C9R&rdx.identpull=omeda|7211D2691390C9R&oly_enc_id=7211D2691390C9R
Tomi Engdahl says:
Why and How to Use the Serial Peripheral Interface to Simplify Connections Between Multiple Devices
https://www.digikey.fi/en/articles/why-how-to-use-serial-peripheral-interface-simplify-connections-between-multiple-devices?dclid=CN25lNew6P8CFQIAogMdAZoIJw
Tomi Engdahl says:
The Difference Between: Flex and Wired Interconnect
May 30, 2023
Virtually every electric or electronic product requires interconnect assemblies. Which option is best for your application, wired interconnects or flex solutions?
https://www.electronicdesign.com/resources/whats-the-difference-between/whitepaper/21262915/the-difference-between-flex-and-wired-interconnect?pk=OmneticsDB2-06282023&utm_source=EG+ED++Sponsor+Paid+Promos&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=CPS230613112&o_eid=7211D2691390C9R&rdx.identpull=omeda|7211D2691390C9R&oly_enc_id=7211D2691390C9R
Tomi Engdahl says:
Raspberry Pi is Vital to the Industry 4.0 Data Center
June 26, 2023
IT-OT integration in data-center applications brings streamlined communications to the industrial IoT, and the flexibility and software/hardware integration capabilities of Raspberry Pi can help make it all happen.
https://www.electronicdesign.com/technologies/industrial/article/21268490/newark-raspberry-pi-is-vital-to-the-industry-40-data-center?utm_source=EG+ED+Connected+Solutions&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=CPS230621106&o_eid=7211D2691390C9R&rdx.identpull=omeda|7211D2691390C9R&oly_enc_id=7211D2691390C9R
Tomi Engdahl says:
New Boards Guide Plus AR App Intent on Innovation
June 27, 2023
Gain insight into the latest microcontrollers, SBCs, and FPGAs with augmented-reality interaction using the latest “Guide to Boards” from Digi-Key and Make Magazine.
https://www.electronicdesign.com/technologies/industrial/article/21268606/electronic-design-new-boards-guide-plus-ar-app-intent-on-innovation?utm_source=EG+ED+Connected+Solutions&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=CPS230621106&o_eid=7211D2691390C9R&rdx.identpull=omeda|7211D2691390C9R&oly_enc_id=7211D2691390C9R
Tomi Engdahl says:
Then, Now and Next: Autonomous Mobile Robots
https://www.mouser.com/empowering-innovation/autonomous-mobile-robots?utm_source=endeavor&utm_medium=display&utm_campaign=ed-personifai-eit2022#video-amr
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://withintent.com/blog/hardware-prototyping-with-raspberry-pi/
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://www.etteplan.com/downloads/developing-medtech-devices-guidebook
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://www.etteplan.com/downloads/industrial-digitalization-guidebook
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://www.cnx-software.com/2023/06/23/banana-pi-bpi-r4-wifi-7-router-board-mediatek-filogic-880-processor/
Tomi Engdahl says:
The Current Challenges With Using Linux On Airplanes
https://www.phoronix.com/news/Linux-On-Airplanes-Challenges
Currently most avionics real-time operating systems for airplanes are proprietary and very specialized for safety assurance reasons. Using Linux though and other open-source software would ease development, open more developers to being able to work on said avionics platforms, have much better documentation, and lower other barriers, but there are challenges currently involved.
At this week’s Linux Foundation Embedded Open-Source Summit in Prague there was a virtual debate over using Linux in aerospace applications. Peter Brick of UL and Steven VanderLeest of Boeing talked about those challenges for Linux/open-source software. VaanderLeest is the Chief Technologist for the Boeing Linux initiative at Boeing.
Ultimately the challenges come down to Linux lacking the necessary certifications that specialized avionics-focused proprietary RTOS solutions can provide, Linux not being designed exclusively with security and safety-assurance guarantees, the monolithic kernel design is a challenge, and the development culture is also critiqued.
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://etn.fi/index.php/13-news/15128-infrapunadata-kaeyttoeoen-helposti
IrDA 4 Click -lisäkortti on kustannustehokasa ratkaisun IR-sarjadatan lähettämiseen ja vastaanottamiseen. Kortilla on Vishay Semiconductorsin infrapunalähetin-vastaanotin (TFBS4650), joka sisältää PIN-valodiodin, infrapunalähettimen ja pienitehoisen integroidun piirin.
IrDA 4 Click sisältää myös infrapunakooderin/dekooderin. Tämä Microchipin MCP2120-piiriin perustuva laite lähettää ja vastaanottaa IR-sarjadataa infrapunalähetin-vastaanotinmoduulin ja isäntäohjaimen välillä.
Click-kortit ovat MIKROEn kehittämä modulaarinen laajennuskorttien standardi. Sen avulla suunnittelijat voivat lisätä ja vaihtaa oheislaitteita helposti,
Tomi Engdahl says:
Raspberry Pi is Vital to the Industry 4.0 Data Center
June 26, 2023
IT-OT integration in data-center applications brings streamlined communications to the industrial IoT, and the flexibility and software/hardware integration capabilities of Raspberry Pi can help make it all happen.
https://www.electronicdesign.com/technologies/industrial/article/21268490/newark-raspberry-pi-is-vital-to-the-industry-40-data-center?utm_source=EG+ED+Connected+Solutions&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=CPS230629059&o_eid=7211D2691390C9R&rdx.identpull=omeda|7211D2691390C9R&oly_enc_id=7211D2691390C9R
What you’ll learn
The importance of flexibility for Industry 4.0 systems.
The benefits of using network processing in an industrial environment.
Advantages of using Raspberry Pi in an Industry 4.0 setting.
Industry 4.0 is a movement that has important ramifications for the architecture of industrial-computing systems. Crucial to Industry 4.0’s success is the merging of information technology (IT) with the operational technology (OT) that coordinates machine tools and process control systems on the shop floor. This is where the Raspberry Pi platform can step in to accelerate that integration process.
Increased communication between those two halves of a manufacturing business makes it possible for suppliers to react to market changes much faster. A second driver is the use of IT-OT integration to control processes in the manufacturing plant in a far more data-driven manner.
Instead of building fixed production lines where components flow through a series of predetermined steps as the product is assembled, the route is determined in real-time based on the requirements of the product and the availability of production machinery at that time. Two variants may be processed by different machines or manufacturing cells based on which components need to be integrated and the finish applied to each of them.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Don’t Do It: Ignore MISRA C
July 5, 2023
Complying with these new set of rules and directives will help eliminate coding practices known to be hazardous.
https://www.electronicdesign.com/technologies/embedded/article/21268933/ldra-dont-do-it-ignore-misra-c
What you’ll learn:
Why MISRA C matters for ensuring safer, more secure software across multiple industries.
Straightforward and strategic steps for following MISRA C 2023, the most up-to-date version that was announced in March.
The C language remains a popular choice among embedded developers. It can present challenges for safety- or security-critical applications, though, because it’s based on standards (ISO/IEC 9899:2011 and 2018) that omit comprehensive specifications for how implementations must behave.
This omission is by design. It provides developers with the flexibility to control application behavior and memory access in ways that can be unpredictable and non-deterministic, as well as giving them more leeway to manage system resources. The downside to this flexibility is the potential compromise of system safety, security, and reliability.
This is where MISRA C comes into play. The MISRA C guidelines restrict use of the C language to a safety- and security-critical subset. Unlike a coding style guide, MISRA C is a set of rules and directives to help developers avoid coding practices that are known to be hazardous.
The latest release of the guidelines, MISRA C:2012 Amendment 4, covers new concurrency features introduced by the C11 and C18 standards. Released at the same time, MISRA C:2023 consolidates all MISRA C editions, amendments, and technical corrigenda into a single document. This addresses what has been a huge configuration-management challenge for development teams.
The AMD4 and MISRA C:2023 releases offer developers an opportunity to revisit their processes and improve support for effective and efficient demonstration of MISRA compliance. This requires a thoughtful strategy to integrate the MISRA rules and directives into development processes, from training to automated tools, without impacting development schedules. A few straightforward steps can help teams establish a winning strategy for safer, more secure software using a proven process.
Develop a Strategy for MISRA C:2023 Compliance
The MISRA C guidelines don’t specify exact processes and tools for achieving compliance, as documenting such requirements would unfairly limit what embedded development teams can do. Rather, the MISRA Compliance:2020 guide provides definitions of “what must be covered within the software development process when making a claim of MISRA compliance” as a framework for capturing the activities that matter most.
The MISRA Compliance:2020 guide (see figure) covers many process and compliance essentials, built around fundamental elements that claims of compliance must establish:
Use of a disciplined software development process.
The exact guidelines applied.
The effectiveness of the enforcement methods.
The extent of any deviations from the guidelines.
The status of any software components developed outside of the project.
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://etn.fi/index.php/tekniset-artikkelit/15134-tieto-on-voimaa-myoes-edge-palvelimen-suunnittelussa
Tomi Engdahl says:
Microcontrollers (MCUs) & processors
Scalable and efficient performance, from simple control to advanced data analytics
https://www.ti.com/microcontrollers-mcus-processors/overview.html?DCM=yes&dclid=CNj2qJOEhoADFXhFkQUd-xcOIA#technology?HQS=null-null-procbr-process_gen_microcontrollers-asset-pp-electronicdesign_psfi_process_l1-wwe_awr
Tomi Engdahl says:
How Arm Cortex-M0+ MCUs optimize general-purpose processing, sensing and control
https://e2e.ti.com/blogs_/b/process/posts/how-arm-cortex-m0-mcus-optimize-general-purpose-processing-sensing-and-control?HQS=epd-null-procbr-gpplatform_corpblog-asset-ta-electronicdesign_06-wwe_awr&DCM=yes&dclid=CNTh2_Pv8f8CFWJJkQUdaCIA2g
Tomi Engdahl says:
Advancing intelligence at the edge
Scalable and efficient vision processors bring real-time intelligence to smart camera systems
https://www.ti.com/technologies/edge-ai.html?HQS=epd-null-procbr-gpplatform_corpblog-asset-pp-electronicdesign_06-wwe_awr&DCM=yes&dclid=CNqp0_Hv8f8CFaxKkQUdGqsJcw
Tomi Engdahl says:
3 trends impacting the future of embedded processing technology
https://news.ti.com/blog/2023/04/07/3-trends-impacting-future-embedded-processing-technology?HQS=epd-null-procbr-gpplatform_corpblog-asset-blog-electronicdesign_06-wwe_awr&DCM=yes&dclid=CKu5le7v8f8CFaVIkQUdH4EGpw
Technology that’s making the future of embedded possible is transforming smart homes, cities, factories and vehicles, optimizing everyday electronics and unlocking new ways to create a better world
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://www.hackster.io/news/krzysztof-jankowski-s-micropython-based-smolos-puts-a-tiny-posix-like-environment-on-your-esp8266-0c776559152b
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://www.cnx-software.com/2023/07/11/voipac-imx8m-industrial-development-kit-review-part-1-specs-unboxing-and-first-boot/
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://www.cnx-software.com/2023/07/11/bitswrt-nhx53x2-wifi-7-system-on-module-features-qualcomm-ipq5332-soc/
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://proekspert.com/secure-firmware-update-solution/
Tomi Engdahl says:
The newly launched Arduino Nano ESP32 is the perfect board for learning MicroPython. We’ve put together a free MicroPython 101 course to help get you started: https://docs.arduino.cc/micropython-course
Tomi Engdahl says:
The Arm version of David Johnson-Davies’ uLisp now adds support for the new Arduino UNO R4: http://forum.ulisp.com/t/arm-release-4-5-supports-the-new-arduino-uno-r4-boards/1239
Tomi Engdahl says:
PCIE FOR HACKERS: OUR M.2 CARD IS DONE
https://hackaday.com/2023/07/25/pcie-for-hackers-our-m-2-card-is-done/?fbclid=IwAR24kPnQXxMNCeKIE0LcqZoLVqM80nbINUnL5VGGPJpJqkh9S4ylIKUhoxA
We’ve started designing a PCIe card last week, an adapter from M.2 E-key to E-key, that adds an extra link to the E-key slot it carries – useful for fully utilizing a few rare but fancy E-key cards. By now, the schematic is done, the component placement has been figured out, and we only need to route the differential pairs – should be simple, right? Buckle up.
https://hackaday.com/2023/07/20/pcie-for-hackers-an-m-2-card-journey/
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://hackaday.com/2023/07/24/displayport-tapping-the-altmode/?fbclid=IwAR2WzsvxU-k1x3_Ax6wf2u-rFliwIBcWNY4X_jaH4RL5OdvLV-dIpV5CwOQ
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://www.cnx-software.com/2023/07/19/aetina-fanless-nvidia-jetson-orin-embedded-box-pcs-ubuntu-20-04/
Tomi Engdahl says:
Mastering PCB Layout Design for Cutting-Edge Bluetooth and Wi-Fi Enabled Products
https://www.autodesk.com/products/fusion-360/blog/mastering-pcb-layout-design-bluetooth-wi-fi-enabled-products/?mktvar002=5467893007&utm_medium=mngd-referral&utm_source=industry-
Tomi Engdahl says:
Chu Tien Thinh’s Felini Aims to Be a Pocket-Friendly Replacement for a Range of Debugging Tools
Offering everything from a 3.3-20V DC power supply to a CAN bus and logic analyzer, Felini is a real box of wonders.
https://www.hackster.io/news/chu-tien-thinh-s-felini-aims-to-be-a-pocket-friendly-replacement-for-a-range-of-debugging-tools-6b9076e447db
Tomi Engdahl says:
Mastering PCB Layout Design for Cutting-Edge Bluetooth and Wi-Fi Enabled Products
https://www.autodesk.com/products/fusion-360/blog/mastering-pcb-layout-design-bluetooth-wi-fi-enabled-products/
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://hackaday.com/2023/08/11/using-jtag-to-dump-the-xboxs-secret-boot-rom/
Tomi Engdahl says:
Hardware/Software Co-Design: The Five Core Principles
https://www.mwrf.com/technologies/eda/document/21267782/hardwaresoftware-codesign-the-five-core-principles?utm_source=RF+MWRF+Today&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=CPS230714080&o_eid=7211D2691390C9R&rdx.identpull=omeda|7211D2691390C9R&oly_enc_id=7211D2691390C9R
Tomi Engdahl says:
Multiprotocol MCU Zeros in on Wireless IoT
July 10, 2023
Microchip’s PIC32CX-BZ2 wireless microcontrollers work with Bluetooth Low Energy and 802.15.4 technology.
https://www.electronicdesign.com/technologies/communications/article/21253148/electronic-design-multiprotocol-mcu-zeros-in-on-wireless-iot?utm_source=EG+ED+Connected+Solutions&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=CPS230713184&o_eid=7211D2691390C9R&rdx.identpull=omeda|7211D2691390C9R&oly_enc_id=7211D2691390C9R
Tomi Engdahl says:
Low-Power Wi-Fi HaLow Chips Support Long-Range Communications
July 10, 2023
Morse Micro’s low-power, MM61xx SoC family provides long-range, Wi-Fi HaLow support.
https://www.mwrf.com/technologies/communications/wireless/wifi/article/21269244/electronic-design-low-power-wifi-halow-chips-support-longrange-communications?utm_source=RF+MWRF+Today&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=CPS230714084&o_eid=7211D2691390C9R&rdx.identpull=omeda|7211D2691390C9R&oly_enc_id=7211D2691390C9R
Tomi Engdahl says:
RTK7FPA2E2S00001BE
infoActiveSamples Available
RA2E2 Fast Prototyping Board
https://www.renesas.com/eu/en/products/microcontrollers-microprocessors/ra-cortex-m-mcus/rtk7fpa2e2s00001be-ra2e2-fast-prototyping-board?utm_campaign=mcu_ra2e2_fpb&utm_source=end_elecdesign&utm_medium=personifai&utm_content=ra2e2fpb