5G? IoT? Fiber Deep? 600G? We Are ready for networking at 2019!
For years we have all been talking about the emergence of 5G services, the Internet of Things (IoT) and the new high-capacity, low-latency network architectures that will be needed to support the resulting onslaught of bandwidth. Higher-speed data rates are critical to electronic evolution and revolution.
Here are some of my collection of newest trends and predictions for year 2018. have picked and mixed here quotations from many articles (linked to source) with some of my own additions to make this posting.
5G: The most newsworthy stories in wireless today are all about 5G. In 2019, we enter a cautious, early-adoption phase of this next generation of wireless technology. 2019 will be the year when we see the first commercial networks turning on and first handsets arriving in the market. Only a small number of users will get a first taste of 5G in specific geographic locations, using specific applications, none of which are ubiquitous or cost-optimized. For more details read my 5G trends for 2019 posting.
Deep fiber: Deep deployment of fiber optics into national network infrastructure might not be as glamorous as the eagerly anticipated launch of fifth-generation mobile networks (5G); however, it is just as important—maybe even more important. Wired broadband access supports as much as 90 percent of all internet traffic even though the majority of traffic ultimately terminates on a wireless device. Wireline and wireless networks are driving new architectures to support the move from 4G LTE to 5G infrastructure. In fact, 5G relies heavily on fiber infrastructure. Service providers in the access market are talking about the evolution of their plants to a Fiber Deep (FD) Architecture. FD architectures move the optical node (the optical-to-electrical conversion point) deeper into the network and closer to the subscriber. This means shorter copper, faster speed, more capacity and reduction in maintenance cost for both cable TV network and telephone line based access networks.
Ethernet: Faster Ethernet speeds are taken to use. These transitions are driven by the increasing global IP traffic. Hyper-scalers and service providers are moving from 100GbE to 400GbE Ethernet rates and beyond. In this speed development 56Gb/s And 112Gb/s SerDes Matter.
TSN: Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) is a set of standards under development by the Time-Sensitive Networking task group of the IEEE 802.1 working group. TSN standards documents that are specified by IEEE 802.1 can be grouped into three basic key component categories that are time synchronization; scheduling and traffic shaping; selection of communication paths, path reservations and fault-tolerance. Industrial Ethernet networks embrace time-sensitive networking (TSN) technology to integrate operational technology (OT) and information technology (IT).
SDN: Software-defined networking (SDN) technology is an approach to cloud computing that facilitates network management and enables programmatically efficient network configuration in order to improve network performance and monitoring. SD-WAN applies similar technology to a wide area network (WAN). SD-WAN allows companies to build higher-performance WANs using lower-cost and commercially available Internet access, enabling businesses to partially or wholly replace more expensive private WAN connection technologies such as MPLS.
IPv6: IPv4 and IPv6 are the two Protocols Run the Internet in 2019. The long-forecasted day the internet runs out of addresses has arrived and it marks a paradigm shift in the internet’s evolution. Though IPv6 has been available globally since 2012, it has seen a slow, if increasing, adoption rate. The migration to IPv6 is inevitable but will take time during that both systems are in use. In many networks a notable amount of traffic is already IPv6.
New Internet protocols: Internet security gets a boost with TLS 1.3. Also HTTP is in process of switching to a protocol layered on top of UDP. Today’s HTTP (versions 1.0, 1.1, and 2) are all layered on top of TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) that is not very optimal in today’s applications as SSL over TCP requires subsequent round trips to establish the encrypted connection.
IoT: The IoT world is here, and the level and rate of convergence is increasing in volume and velocity. We will see the evolution of converged networks for IoT applications in mind. Network convergence (version 2.0) is here with changes and improvements made since the first converged network (Convergence 1.0). TIA TR-42 (Telecommunications Cabling Systems ANSI/TIA-568 family), BICSI (TDMM and others) and proprietary or third documents must adapt and adjust.
PoE: The IEEE 802.3bt standard, approved by the IEEE Standards Association Board on September 27, 2018, included some significant enhancements especially for LED lighting systems. This specification allows for up to 90W of delivered power for cable lengths of up to 100m through the use of all four pairs of wires.
Trade wars: It seem that there is a high tech “trade war” between USA and China. It affects specifically networking business. Big Chinese manufacturers Huawei and ZTE are have received sanctions and their products are not wanted by many countries citing their business practices and potential security nightmares. For example Japan to halt buying Huawei, ZTE equipment and Huawei has been under fire in UK, just to mention examples. It seems that the business that is lost by Huawei and ZTE could benefit Ericsson and Nokia in the 5G base station markets for short term.
Security: The internet is going to hell and its creators want your help fixing it. All agree on one thing however: Right now there is a serious battle for heart and minds, the future of the internet and global society itself. There seems to be need for a conference to address the fact that people increasingly see tech as a threat and no longer as a pure force for good. Government set to revise internal rules on procurement to protect national cybersecurity. Your DNS might be broken, and you don’t even know it. Some DNS old hacks gets thrown out of use by February 1st, 2019.
WiFi: WiFi technology gets new marketing naming. The numerical sequence includes: Wi-Fi 6 to identify devices that support 802.11ax technology, Wi-Fi 5 to identify devices that support 802.11ac technology, Wi-Fi 4 to identify devices that support 802.11n technology.
Faster mobile: Mobile networks are getting faster in many countries. Mobile networks are killing Wi-Fi for speed around the world. Average data speeds on mobile networks now outpace customer’s Wi-Fi connection, on average, in 33 countries. That’s the The State of Wifi vs Mobile Network Experience as 5G Arrives.
Energy efficiency: We need to develop more energy efficient networking technologies. Today, information and communication technologies globally consume 8% of electricity and doubles every year.
1,186 Comments
Tomi Engdahl says:
Fiber optic ethernet connections
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ccvw2jkT8H0
We invite You to watch our video tutorial on creating fiber optic ethernet connections.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Print a WiFi Login Card
https://wificard.io/
https://github.com/bndw/wifi-card
Tomi Engdahl says:
Eriq Gardner / The Hollywood Reporter:
Netflix will benefit from Biden’s EO as net neutrality resurfaces and competitors’ mergers face scrutiny, such as the Amazon-MGM and WarnerMedia-Discovery deals — The streaming giant should welcome — even celebrate — the White House’s efforts to promote competition. Why? Look closely.
Netflix Quietly a Huge Winner in Biden’s Order Targeting Big Business
https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/netflix-joe-biden-1234979790/
The streaming giant should welcome — even celebrate — the White House’s efforts to promote competition. Why? Look closely.
Now comes news that Biden is taking aim at non-competes. It remains to be seen if the FTC really is empowered to bar the types of contractual provisions that impede workers from switching jobs, but the development still amounts to wind behind Netflix’s sails. Plus, who knows? As Netflix continues to aggressively grow itself through recruitment, perhaps Netflix will have better luck with Biden-era federal agencies than it’s had with California courts.
Still not convinced that the Biden order is very Netflix-friendly?
Well, consider how Biden is urging the FCC to reinstate Obama-era net neutrality rules. Remember this used to be a huge policy priority for the bandwidth hog that is Netflix, and while the streamer has been a lot less vocal in recent years at the prospect of telecoms throttling its traffic, it surely still sees the development as a positive. Plus, should Biden eventually get around to nominating a third FCC commissioner, there’s always the possibility that the independent agency enacts net neutrality rules that favor Netflix by being even tougher than the set that came before. For instance, banning interconnection charges or stopping telecom data providers like AT&T and Comcast from “zero rating” owned content.
To be sure, not everything in Biden’s order will be advantageous to Netflix. For instance, the White House is encouraging the FTC to establish rules on data surveillance. The streamer, which famously collects a lot of data from users and has been a pioneer on the algorithmic programming front, will need to carefully navigate any future regulations on ensuring the privacy and visibility of data.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Magneto Era (1876-1900)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SLCnbgCbto4
In his wildest dreams thay NEVER thought of watching this on a telephone
Tomi Engdahl says:
How Telephone Phreaking Worked
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4tHyZdtXULw
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://hackaday.com/2021/07/07/starlink-terminal-unit-firmware-dumped/
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/semiconductors/optoelectronics/roomtemp-topolaser
Tomi Engdahl says:
Japan Has Shattered the Internet Speed Record at 319 Terabits per Second
https://interestingengineering.com/japan-shattered-internet-speed-record-319-terabits?utm_source=Facebook&utm_medium=Article&utm_campaign=organic&utm_content=Jul14
Engineers in Japan just shattered the world record for the fastest internet speed, achieving a data transmission rate of 319 Terabits per second (Tb/s), according to a paper presented at the International Conference on Optical Fiber Communications in June. The new record was made on a line of fibers more than 1,864 miles (3,000 km) long. And, crucially, it is compatible with modern-day cable infrastructure.
The new data transfer method breaks signals up into various wavelengths
Note well: we can’t stress enough how fast this transmission speed is. It’s nearly double the previous record of 178 Tb/s, which was set in 2020. And it’s seven times the speed of the earlier record of 44.2 Tb/s, set with an experimental photonic chip. NASA itself uses a comparatively primitive speed of 400 Gb/s, and the new record soars impossibly high above what ordinary consumers can use (the fastest of which maxes out at 10 Gb/s for home internet connections).
The new system begins its transmission process with a 552-channel comb laser fired at various wavelengths. This is then sent through dual polarization modulation, such that some wavelengths go before others, to generate multiple signal sequences — each of which is in turn directed into one of the four cores within the optical fiber. Data transmitted via this system moves through 43.5 miles (70 km) of optical fiber, until it hits optical amplifiers to boost the signal for its long journey. But there’s even more complexity: The signal runs through two novel kinds of fiber amplifiers, one doped in thulium, the other in erbium, before it continues on its way, in a conventional process called Raman amplification.
After this, signal sequences are sent into another segment of optical fiber, and then the entire process repeats, enabling the researchers to send data over a staggering distance of 1,864.7 miles (3,001 km). Crucially, the novel four-core optical fiber possesses the same diameter as a conventional single-core fiber, bracketing the protective cladding around it. In other words, integrating the new method into existing infrastructure will be far simpler than other technological overhauls to societal information systems.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Japan breaks internet speed record with a 319Tbps data transfer
The new fiber could help satisfy demand for 6G and beyond.
https://www.engadget.com/japan-breaks-internet-speed-record-200136933.html
The many-gigabit internet speed records of a decade ago now seem downright inadequate. Motherboard reports that scientists at Japan’s National institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) have smashed the internet transfer record by shuffling data at 319Tbps. For context, that’s almost twice as fast as the 179Tbps a team of British and Japanese researchers managed in August 2020.
NICT managed the feat by upgrading virtually every stage of the pipeline. The fiber optic line had four cores instead of one, and researchers fired a 552-channel comb laser at multiple wavelengths with the assistance of rare earth amplifiers. While the test was strictly confined to the lab, the team used coiled fiber to transfer data at a simulated 1,864-mile distance without losing signal quality or speed.
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://www.tweaktown.com/news/80582/japan-obliterates-world-record-for-fastest-internet-speed-ever/index.html
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://www.seroundtable.com/photos/google-ethernet-cables-cut-here-to-activate-firewall-27140.html
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://community.spiceworks.com/topic/2083830-ethernet-cable-repair
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://www.practicalnetworking.net/stand-alone/ethernet-wiring/
Tomi Engdahl says:
Fiber optic cables can still be pushed to squeeze more terabits/second through their channels–including the rarely deployed S-band. Japanese researchers smashed the data transmission rate, nearly doubling it, to 319 Tb/s, across more than 3,000 km.
World-Record Data Transmission Speed Smashed Japan sets new gold standard at 319 terabits/second—across more than 3000 km
https://spectrum.ieee.org/world-record-data-transmission-speed-smashed
Researchers at Japan’s National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) in Tokyo have almost doubled the previous long-haul data transmission speed record of 172 Tb/s established by NICT and others in April 2020. The researchers recently presented their results at the International Conference on Optical Fiber Communications.
In breaking the record, they used a variety of technologies and techniques still to become mainstream: special low-loss 4-core spatial division multiplexing (SDM) fiber employed in research projects, erbium and thulium doped-fiber amplifiers, distributed Raman amplification, and, in addition to utilizing the C-band and L-band transmission wavelengths, they used the S-band wavelength. Until now, S-band usage has been limited to lab tests conducted over just a few tens of kilometers in research projects. But perhaps of most significance is the claimed high transmission quality in the 4-core fiber that maintains the same outer diameter—0.125 nm—of glass cladding used in standard single-mode fiber.
Tomi Engdahl says:
UK worries Starlink and OneWeb may interfere with each other, plans new rules https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2021/07/starlink-and-similar-networks-could-block-each-others-signals-uk-warns/
A UK government agency is worried that OneWeb, SpaceX’s Starlink, and similar low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite-broadband systems could block each others’ signals.. “The potential for harmful interference between different satellite systems is usually managed by operators cooperating with each other under the ITU satellite coordination procedures,” Ofcom wrote. The agency added: However, coordination between NGSO systems is proving to be more challenging due to the dynamic nature of these systems [...]
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://etn.fi/index.php/13-news/12451-kiinnostaako-wifi-6-gigahertsissa
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://etn.fi/index.php/13-news/12459-wifi-7-kiihdyttaa-30-gigabittiin
Markkinoille on nyt tullut kuudennen polven wifi-tekniikka, joka on nostanut maksiminopeudet jopa 5 gigabittiin sekunnissa. IEEE työstää kuitenkin jo seuraavaa sukupolvea, joka tunnetaan nimellä 802.11be. Sen myötä wifi-verkon nopeus kasvaa reititintä kohti jopa 30 gigabittiin sekunnissa.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Luca Bertuzzi / Euractiv:
EU court rules that “zero tariff” offers from Vodafone and Deutsche Telekom that offer unlimited streaming violate EU roaming and net neutrality rules
EU court rules zero tariff offers violate open internet, roaming provisions
https://www.euractiv.com/section/digital/news/eu-court-rules-zero-tariff-offers-violate-open-internet-roaming-provisions/
The EU court ruled on Thursday (2 September) that unlimited streaming offers from Vodafone and Deutsche Telekom violate EU roaming and net neutrality rules.
The European Court of Justice (ECJ) found that ‘zero tariff’ options offered by telecommunication service providers Vodafone and Deutsche Telekom in Germany breach the EU laws on Open Internet and Roaming.
Such a commercial practice is contrary to the general obligation of equal treatment of traffic, without discrimination or interference, as required by the regulation on open internet access.
The legal proceedings were started by Germany’s Federal Network Agency (BNetzA) against Deutsche Telekom’s StreamOn deal, which enabled consumers to receive unlimited data for streaming at the cost of a slower internet connection abroad. Given the limited geographical location, the German authority urged Telekom to extend the offer to all EU countries.
The Federation of German Consumer Organisations (VZBV) initiated a parallel lawsuit against Vodafone for a similar offer. The German courts referred both cases to the ECJ for its opinion.
“Such a commercial practice is contrary to the general obligation of equal treatment of traffic, without discrimination or interference, as required by the regulation on open internet access,” reads the ECJ’s judgement.
Tomi Engdahl says:
A “Solar Tsunami” Could Entirely Wipe Out The Internet Within A Decade, Suggests Study
https://www.iflscience.com/space/a-solar-tsunami-could-entirely-wipe-out-the-internet-within-a-decade-suggests-study/
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://www.dna.fi/yrityksille/blogi/-/blogs/dna-secure-sd-wan-toimintavarman-ja-tietoturvallisen-yritysverkon-tehoratkaisu?utm_source=facebook&utm_medium=linkad&utm_content=ILTE-artikkeli-dna-secure-sd-wan-toimintavarman-ja-tietoturvallisen-yritysverkon-tehoratkaisu&utm_campaign=H_MESLAS_21-34-36_fortinet&fbclid=IwAR24elp6I8HLrShzSXAIBpjYo2C9niIXvdWbjYUXb3AtnnMRCmZTB8PdebQ
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://etn.fi/index.php/new-products/12517-maailman-pienin-uwb-moduuli
Tomi Engdahl says:
Nokia ja Vodafone demosivat terabitin kuituyhteyttä
https://etn.fi/index.php/13-news/12538-nokia-ja-vodafone-demosivat-terabitin-kuituyhteyttae
Nokia ilmoittaa, että se on yltänyt Vodafone Turkeyn kanssa terabitin nopeuteen yhdellä kanavalla operaattorin kuituverkossa. Kanavaa kohti tehokkuutta onnistuttiin nostamaan 150 prosenttia ja samalla yritykset osoittivat, että yhdessä kuidussa linkin kapasiteetti voidaan nostaa 70 terabittiin sekunnissa.
Demossa Vodafonen kahden Turkissa sijaitsevan datakeskuksen välillä siirrettiin dataa 130 gigahertsin kaistanleveydellä ilman virheitä. Vodafone Turkeyn optinen verkko perustuu Nokian laitteisiin, esimerkiksi sen CDC-F ROADM -kytkimiin. Laitteet tukevat C- ja L-kaitoja, minkä avulla verkon kokonaiskapasiteetti on kaksinkertaistettu.
Nokian reitittimet pohjaavat yhtiön itse kehittämään PSE-piiritekniikkaan.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Microchip Ups Ante With New Ethernet PHYs for Cloud Data Centers
Sept. 9, 2021
https://www.electronicdesign.com/technologies/embedded-revolution/article/21174651/electronic-design-microchip-ups-ante-with-new-ethernet-phys-for-cloud-data-centers
With the new Meta-DX2L, Microchip is upgrading from 56G PAM4 SerDes technology to the latest 112G PAM4 SerDes, doubling the bandwidth over its previous generation of Ethernet PHYs for the data center.
Tomi Engdahl says:
R-kioski uudisti koko ketjun yhteydet: “Ai että on kivaa, kun on nopeeta”
https://www.dna.fi/yrityksille/blogi/-/blogs/r-kioski-uudisti-koko-ketjun-yhteydet-ai-etta-on-kivaa-kun-on-nopeeta?utm_source=facebook&utm_medium=linkad&utm_content=ILTEJUJO-referenssi-r-kioski-uudisti-koko-ketjun-yhteydet-ai-etta-on-kivaa-kun-on-nopeeta&utm_campaign=H_MESLAS_21-36-40_refekampanja&fbclid=IwAR1cm5oiLm6oY1uG-PgncBBE2cImnV43PkyQ_Yt8P-AO63WKdXuPM_-caeU
R-kioski uudisti DNA:n avulla hiljattain koko ketjunsa tietoliikenneyhteydet vastaamaan tämän päivän vaatimuksia. Uudistuksen myötä saatiin taattua koko ketjulle parempi toimintavarmuus.
R-kioskien tarina alkoi aikanaan lehtien myynnistä rautatieasemilla. Nyt kioskeja on kaikkialla, missä ihmiset kulkevat, yhteensä 475 ympäri Suomea. Uusia kioskeja on suunniteltu myös vuodelle 2021.
“Sähköiset palvelut, kuten liput ja paketit, kulkevat Ärrällä kaikki nettiyhteyksien kautta. Ilman verkkoyhteyttä kioskiyrittäjä ei pysty näitä myymään, korttimaksutkin vaikeutuvat ja yrittäjä menettää paljon myyntejä. Uusilla kahdennetuilla yhteyksillä halusimme varmistaa, että katkoja tulisi mahdollisimman vähän. DNA:n kahdennetun yhteyden ja Fortinetin teknologian avulla varmistamme kioskien verkon vielä paremman käytettävyyden”, kertoo R-kioskin IT & HR Director Maria Sjöroos.
Tomi Engdahl says:
How to Add a Network Jack to a Wall
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=chsZZh-dZRw
In this Budget Nerd video, we go over how to install a network jack on wall running your cables through a crawlspace.
How to Wire Up Ethernet Plugs the EASY WAY! (Cat5e / Cat6 RJ45 Pass Through Connectors)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NWhoJp8UQpo
How to make up CAT5e or CAT6 ethernet cables from scratch using RJ45 pass-through connectors, sometimes called EZ Pass Through or Snap Plugs.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Microchip Ups Ante With New Ethernet PHYs for Data Centers
Sept. 9, 2021
https://www.electronicdesign.com/technologies/embedded-revolution/article/21174651/electronic-design-microchip-ups-ante-with-new-ethernet-phys-for-data-centers?utm_source=EG%20ED%20IoT%20for%20Engineers&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=CPS210901102&o_eid=7211D2691390C9R&rdx.ident%5Bpull%5D=omeda%7C7211D2691390C9R&oly_enc_id=7211D2691390C9R
With the new Meta-DX2L, Microchip is upgrading from 56G PAM4 SerDes technology to the latest 112G PAM4 SerDes, doubling the bandwidth over its previous generation of Ethernet PHYs for the data center.
Microchip Technology rolled out a line of 1.6-Tb/s Ethernet PHYs with double the bandwidth of its previous generation, as it looks to get inside more of the switches, routers, and other networking gear in data centers.
Microchip said the new Meta-DX2L Ethernet PHYs could support data rates from 1 Gb/s up to 800 Gb/s. It is upgrading from 56G PAM4 SerDes technology in its previous generation of chips to the latest 112G PAM4 SerDes to transfer data between circuit boards, through connectors, across backplanes, and over copper cables and pluggable optical modules at the data rates required by telecom giants and cloud companies.
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://www.uusiteknologia.fi/2021/09/16/matalalla-lentavat-leo-satelliittit-varmistamaan-hataverkkojen-toimintaa/
Tomi Engdahl says:
Ethernet kiihdyttää siirtymistä Teollisuus 4.0:een
https://etn.fi/index.php/tekniset-artikkelit/12575-ethernet-kiihdyttaeae-siirtymistae-teollisuus-4-0-een
Neljäs teollinen vallankumous muuttaa tapaamme luoda tuotteita tuotanto- ja prosessitilojemme digitalisoinnin ansiosta. Vallankumouksen keskiössä on aikasensitiivinen, teollinen Ethernet.
Miksi teollinen Ethernet?
Liitettävyys on keskeinen osa Teollisuus 4.0 -visiota. Kolmen asian täytyy toteutua, jotta voimme tarjota aidosti verkotetun ympäristön. Ensinnäkin korkeamman tason tietotekniikan (IT) tai yritysinfrastruktuurin on lähennyttävä tehtaan ohjausverkkoa (OT). Toiseksi tehtaiden olemassa olevien verkkojen tai tuotantosolujen on toimittava yhdessä. Kolmanneksi tarvitsemme saumattomasti toimivia ja suojattuja yhteyksiä prosessiympäristöissämme aina prosessitasolta yrityksen pilveen.
Näihin haasteisiin vastaamiseksi meidän on otettava käyttöön verkkoteknologiaa, joka tukee yhteentoimivuutta, laajennettavuutta ja tavoittavuutta. Ethernet nousee ihanteelliseksi ratkaisuksi, koska se on hyvin ymmärretty tekniikka ja laajasti käytössä. Se tarjoaa suuren kaistanleveyden, mahdollistaa nopean käyttöönoton ja sitä käytetään myös laajasti kaikkien tuotantoympäristöjen IT-infrastruktuurissa.
Standardi-Ethernet ei ole toteuttamiskelpoinen ratkaisu teolliselle ohjausverkolle, kun otetaan huomioon reaaliaikaisuuden tarve. OT-verkon on varmistettava, että viesti toimitetaan ajoissa sinne, missä sitä tarvitaan. Tämä varmistaa meneillään olevan tehtävän tai prosessin oikean toiminnan. Liikenteen reititys TCP/IP-protokollalla ei luonnostaan takaa tätä deterministisen suorituskyvyn tasoa. Samalla tavalla kuin standardi-Ethernet mahdollistaa tiedostojen jakamisen tai pääsyn verkkolaitteisiin, kuten tulostimiin, teollinen Ethernet antaa ohjaimille pääsyn dataan ja sallii komentojen lähettämisen PLC-logiikkaohjaimista antureille, toimilaitteille ja roboteille, jotka on hajautettu eri puolille tehdasta. Keskeinen ero löytyy viivästyneiden tai toimittamattomien viestien vaikutuksesta. Jos ei-reaaliaikaisissa sovelluksissa verkkosivu päivittyy hitaasti, vaikutus on vähäinen, kun taas tuotantoympäristössä vaikutus voi olla suuri hukkaan menevistä materiaaleista aina työntekijöiden onnettomuuksiin asti. Jotta ohjausjärjestelmät toimisivat, viestin täytyy päästä päämääräänsä luotettavasti, ajallaan ja joka kerta.
Tämän seurauksena teollinen Ethernet on noussut OT-ohjauksen ykköstekniikaksi. Tavoitteena on mahdollistaa saumaton liitettävyys paitsi IT- ja korkean tason OT-verkkojen välillä, myös suoraan tehtaan OT-verkon eri kerrosten läpi aina anturitasolle, kuten kuviossa 3 esitetään. Nykyisin yhtenäistä IT/OT-verkkoa vaativissa tilanteissa tarvitaan monimutkaisia, tehosyöppöjä yhdyskäytäviä, jotka mahdollistavat yhteyden OT-verkon alemmilta tasoilta Ethernetiin korkeammille tasoille. Koko tehtaan kattavan, Ethernet-pohjaisen automaatioverkon käyttö poistaisi näiden yhdyskäytävien tarpeen ja yksinkertaistaisi itse verkkoa. Itse asiassa protokollayhdyskäytävät, joita nyt käytetään kääntämään ja mahdollistamaan yhteys OT-verkon ylempään kerrokseen, eivät ole suoraan osoitettavissa. Tämä on johtanut verkon eristykseen. Tämä datan eristyminen rajoittaa mahdollisuutta jakaa informaatiota koko tehtaan tasolla. Tämä on vastoin aiemmin kuvattua Teollisuus 4.0:n visiota, jossa valmistajat haluavat kerätä telemetriadataa OT-puolelta palvelemaan analytiikkaa ja liiketoimintaprosessien ohjaamista IT-puolella.
Koska deterministinen ja oikein ajoitettu datapakettien toimitus on ohjaussovellusten kannalta pakollinen vaatimus, monet toimittajat ryhtyivät tarjoamaan OT-verkkoihin sopivia reaaliaikaisia protokollia.
Vastaus löytyy aikasensitiivisestä verkosta (TSN, time sensitive networking). Tällainen on valmistajariippumaton, IEEE 802.1 -määritykseen perustuva, reaaliaikainen Ethernet-standardi. Kuten nimestä voi päätellä, TSN keskittyy aikaan. Tämä standardi muuttaa tavanomaista Ethernet-tiedonsiirtoa niin, että kriittisille sovelluksille annetaan ajoitustakuut. Se on suunniteltu varmistamaan, että tiedot saadaan siirrettyä pisteestä toiseen kiinteässä ja ennalta määrätyssä ajassa. Tällä tavalla TSN antaa takuun viestien oikea-aikaisesta välityksestä. Jotta viestintä olisi ennustettavissa, verkon laitteilla on oltava yhteinen aikakäsitys. Standardi määrittelee keinon lähettää tiettyjä TSN-Ethernet-kehyksiä aikataulutetusti ja mahdollistaa muiden kuin TSN-kehysten lähettämisen parhaalla mahdollisella hetkellä (best effort, ks. kuva 4). Tällä tavalla TSN mahdollistaa reaaliaikaisen ja ei-reaaliaikaisen liikenteen rinnakkaiselon samassa verkossa. Koska kaikki laitteet jakavat saman ajan, tärkeitä tietoja voidaan lähettää pienellä ja vähän muuttuvalla viiveellä jopa gigabitin nopeudella.
Tavoitteena on yhdistetty verkko, jossa protokollat voivat jakaa yhteyden deterministisellä ja luotettavalla menetelmällä. TSN on standardien työkalupakki, joka tarjoaa vaaditun determinismin. Se edustaa siirtymistä luotettavaan ja standardoituun yhteysarkkitehtuuriin poistamalla omien kenttäväylien käytöstä aiheutuvan datan eristämisen. Tämä verkkojen lähentyminen tukee kasvavaa datamäärää verkon lisääntyneen skaalautuvuuden ansiosta kaistanleveyksillä 10 Mbps – 1 Gbps ja senkin yli.
Tomi Engdahl says:
‘Massive’ transatlantic data cable landed on beach in Bude
https://lm.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-cornwall-57713168&h=AT22FrUYys0BARpThfOdm64l6FMkchTR5Zqjop5RlvtnHLdPbeoiSGfUOMPEQY41tmdJteBXo3qj1Mxhuc9avsKQNXR3OW0Sw8VGYdD4j0Nfv2c9U0y-fv4o9tsdlo2NTg
A new “massive” undersea transatlantic communications cable has been brought ashore on a beach in Cornwall.
The Google data cable, called Grace Hopper, was landed in Bude on Tuesday.
Once operational, it would have the capacity to handle “17.5 million people streaming 4K video concurrently”, Google bosses said.
The cable has been laid between New York in the United States, Bilbao in Spain and Bude over several months, and is expected to be operational in 2022.
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://www.businessinsider.com/kids-living-green-bank-quiet-zone-outlawed-wifi-2021-9?utm_source=facebook&utm_medium=news_tab&utm_content=algorithm&r=US&IR=T
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://www.uusiteknologia.fi/2021/09/20/nopeille-wifi-verkoille-6-gigahertsin-testeri/
Tomi Engdahl says:
Peräti 20 % koko Internetin tietoliikenteestä on YouTube-videoiden streaamista. Esim. Netflix on kaistan suhteen vain 4 % kaikesta streamaamista, kun YouTube on 48 %.
Muita verkkokaistasyöppöjä ovat mm. TikTok, Facebook ja Instagram.
Tiedostojen jako on vain 1 % koko maailman verkkoliikenteestä.
The World’s Most Used Apps, by Downstream Traffic
https://www.visualcapitalist.com/the-worlds-most-used-apps-by-downstream-traffic/
Tomi Engdahl says:
This sounds like a conspiracy theory, but it’s true.
The Internet Is Actually Controlled By 14 People Who Hold 7 Secret Keys
https://www.iflscience.com/technology/the-internet-is-actually-controlled-by-14-people-who-hold-7-secret-keys/
This sounds like something out of a Dan Brown book, but it isn’t: The whole internet is controlled by seven actual, physical keys.
The Guardian’s James Ball was recently allowed to observe the highly secure ritual known as a key ceremony.
The people conducting the ceremony are part of an organization called the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). ICANN is responsible for assigning numerical internet addresses to websites and computers and translating them into the normal web addresses that people type into their browsers.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Broadband Across The Congo
https://hackaday.com/2021/09/20/broadband-across-the-congo/
f you live in much of the world today, high-speed Internet is a solved problem. But there are still places where getting connected presents unique challenges. Alphabet, the company that formed from Google, details their experience piping an optical network across the Congo. The project derived from an earlier program — project Loon — that used balloons to replace traditional infrastructure.
Laying cables along the twisting and turning river raises costs significantly, so a wireless approach makes sense. Connecting Brazzaville to Kinshasa using optical techniques isn’t perfect — fog, birds, and other obstructions don’t help. They still managed to pipe 700 terabytes of data in 20 days with over 99.9% reliability.
This appears to be one of those problems that seem simple until you dig into it. Even though the link is only around 3 miles in distance, to get the performance required, the company claims:
Imagine pointing a light beam the width of a chopstick accurately enough to hit a 5-centimeter target (about the size of a US quarter) that’s 10 kilometers away;
Beaming broadband across the Congo River
https://x.company/blog/posts/taara-beaming-broadband-across-congo/
Taara’s wireless optical communications links are now beaming light-speed connectivity from Brazzaville to Kinshasa across the Congo River
Tomi Engdahl says:
Nokia esitteli maailman tehokkaimman reititinprosessorin
https://etn.fi/index.php/13-news/12591-nokia-esitteli-maailman-tehokkaimman-reititinprosessorin
Nokia julkisti tänään FP5-prosessorin, joka on yhtiön viidennen sukupolven reititinpiiri. Prosessori kykenee ajamaan L2-, L2.5- ja L3-tason verkkopalveluja jopa 1,6 terabitin sekuntinopeudella.
Suorituskyvyn kasvattaminen reitityksessä avaa tietä uusille 800GE-runkoverkoille. Lisäksi FP5-prosessori pienentää tehonkulutusta edeltäjään verrattuna 75 prosenttia. Tämä osaltaan pienentää verkkojen hiilijalanjälkeä.
5G ja Teollisuus 4.0 edellyttävät, että kriittiset IP -verkot ovat yhä turvallisempia, ketterämpiä ja kestävämpiä. IP-verkkojen on tarjottava taattu korkea suorituskyky ja eheys, kun otetaan huomioon kasvavat uhat verkkotason hyökkäyksistä ja tietoturvaloukkauksista. Niiden on myös kyettävä sopeutumaan odottamattomiin muutoksiin ja tukemaan palvelun kehitystä verkon elinkaaren aikana.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Uudenlainen vahvistin mullistaa optisen tiedonsiirron
https://etn.fi/index.php/13-news/12596-uudenlainen-vahvistin-mullistaa-optisen-tiedonsiirron
Göteborgilaisen Chalmersin teknillisen yliopiston tutkijat ovat esitelleet ainutlaatuisen optisen vahvistimen, jonka odotetaan mullistavan sekä avaruuden tietoliikenneyhteydet että kuitulinkit maan pinnalla. Vahvistin on erittäin suorituskykyinen, sopii millimetrin kokoiselle sirulle eikä aiheuta ylimääräistä kohinaa.
Erityisesti viimeksi mainittu ominaisuus on mullistava.
Koska valo – joka kuljettaa tietoa kahden etäisen pisteen välillä – menettää tehoa matkan varrella, tarvitaan suuri määrä optisia vahvistimia. Ilman vahvistimia jopa 99 prosenttia valokuitukaapelin signaalista katoaisi 100 kilometrin säteellä. Tunnettu ongelma optisessa viestinnässä on kuitenkin se, että nämä vahvistimet lisäävät ylimääräistä kohinaa, mikä heikentää merkittävästi lähetettävän tai vastaanotettavan signaalin laatua.
Ongelma on ollut olemassa vuosikymmeniä, mutta nyt Chalmersin tutkijat esittävät erittäin lupaavan ratkaisun siihen. – Olemme kehittäneet maailman ensimmäisen optisen vahvistimen, joka parantaa merkittävästi optisen viestinnän kantamaa, herkkyyttä ja suorituskykyä, ei aiheuta ylimääräistä kohinaa – ja on myös riittävän kompakti käytännölliseen käyttöön, sanoo Ping Xhao, yksi Science Advances -lehdessä julkaistun tutkimuksen johtavista tekijöistä.
Valon vahvistaminen projektissa perustuu Kerr-vaikutuksena tunnettuun periaatteeseen. Se on toistaiseksi ainoa tunnettu lähestymistapa, joka vahvistaa valoa aiheuttamatta merkittävää ylimääräistä kohinaa. Periaate on osoitettu aiemmin, mutta ei koskaan näin kompaktissa muodossa. Aiemmat versiot olivat liian suuria ollakseen käytännön sovelluksissa hyödyllisiä.
Uusi vahvistin sopii pieneen, vain muutaman millimetrin kokoiseen siruun verrattuna aiempiin vahvistimiin, jotka ovat olleet useita tuhansia kertoja suurempia. Lisäksi uudet vahvistimet tarjoavat riittävän korkean suorituskyvyn
Tomi Engdahl says:
eTopus Technology taps Amphenol ICC’s ExaMAX2 112-Gbps interconnect for its ADC/DSP-based serializer/deserializer (SerDes) IP.
Read the full article: http://arw.li/6187yhz7x
#EDN #12G
Collaboration validates 12G interconnect for high-speed IP
https://www.edn.com/collaboration-validates-12g-interconnect-for-high-speed-ip/?utm_source=edn_facebook&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=Articles
eTopus taps Amphenol ICC’s ExaMAX2 112-Gbps interconnect for its ADC/DSP-based serializer/deserializer (SerDes) IP. The combined products can be used for high-speed communications, machine learning, artificial intelligence, and industrial and instrumentation applications.
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://www.facebook.com/126000117413375/posts/4948198258526846/
.Earth’s Submarine Fiber Optic Cable Network. Credit https://twitter.com/tylermorganwall/status/1440669533157556227
Tomi Engdahl says:
Huippunopea wifi tulee Eurooppaan
Julkaistu: 10.09.2021
https://etn.fi/index.php/13-news/12548-huippunopea-wifi-tulee-eurooppaan
Langattomien lähiverkkojen kehityksessä seuraava iso askel on siirtyminen 6 gigahertsin alueelle, jossa on paljon käytettävissä olevaa kaistaa. Ensimmäiset askeleet on jo otettu Yhdysvalloissa, mutta Eurooppa tulee perässä. WiFi 6E tuo uudet nopeudet myös eurooppalaisten käyttöön jo ensi vuonna.
Euroopan komissio teki kesällä päätöksen, jonka mukaan kuuden gigahersin alueella vapautetaan 480 megahertsin verran lisätaajuuksia 6E-käyttöön. EU-jäsenvaltioilla on joulukuun alkuun asti aikaa siirtää päätös omaan taajuuslainsäädäntöönsä.
Sopivasti markkinoiden käynnistyessä Asus on esitellyt markkinoiden ensimmäisen täyden tuotepaletin 6E-wifille. ZenWiFi-sarja pitää sisällään reitittimet, PCI-liitäntäiset kortit ja USB-mokkulat. Näitä kaikkia tarvitaan, jotta kodin tietotekniikka alkaa keskustella WiFi 6E -reitittimen kanssa.
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://etn.fi/index.php/13-news/12538-nokia-ja-vodafone-demosivat-terabitin-kuituyhteyttae#ETNartikel
Tomi Engdahl says:
FI
Haku
Slowing Down A Stock Exchange With 38 Miles Of Cable
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d8BcCLLX4N4
High-frequency traders have a few tactics on stock exchanges: but simply put, they gather price information faster than anyone else, sometimes even faster than the markets themselves, and use that to make a tiny profit many, many, many times. There are all sorts of solutions: but it turns out there’s a simpler one that involves physics.
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://blog.benemen.com/articles/how-to-reduce-it-costs-with-an-enterprise-wide-communication-platform
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://nltimes.nl/2021/09/10/pros-cons-ethernet
Tomi Engdahl says:
The Next Solar Superstorm Could Unleash a Global ‘Internet Apocalypse’ Lasting Months
https://www.livescience.com/solar-storm-internet-apocalypse
Tomi Engdahl says:
There are six internet links on my office on wheels. Seven when Starlink arrives. Is this the best internet in Australia?
https://ghuntley.com/internet/
If you are going to work remotely anywhere in Australia from a van, you need damn good internet. Here’s how I put together a vehicle with the best internet connectivity in Australia.
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://pentestmag.com/why-cloud-networking-is-a-must-for-flexibility-scalability-and-visibility/
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber
Tomi Engdahl says:
.The new record is 319 terabits per second (Tb/s) for the Internet speed and set by Japan. wow https://www.freethink.com/technology/fastest-internet-speed
Tomi Engdahl says:
Why the Dell S5148F-ON is a cheaper 25/100GbE Switch
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QHipTq2sitA
We go into the internals of the Dell S5148F-ON 25GbE and 100GbE switch. The Dell EMC Networking S5148F-ON switch is an older ~2nd generation 25GbE product, so we wanted to take a look at why these tend to sell so inexpensively on the secondary market and how much they embody open networking.
Tomi Engdahl says:
CAT 8 vs CAT 7 Ethernet Cables – Is there a difference?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JEMIGSOTwe0
In this video, I walk through the basic differences between CAT 8 and CAT 7 as well as how to terminate CAT 8 cables. We will cover the cost, speed, and physical difference and terminate both an RJ45 and Keystone. Not everyone needs CAT 8 but it is nice to know it’s there and what it is used for.
Viewer comments:
Seeing the pricing you’ve found is very interesting! Here in Canada, the pricing I can find lines up with yours for cat6 and cat6a, but cat 7 doubles it and is much closer to the price of cat8 than cat6a!
Wow, that is steep. May not be as popular or available.
I’m interested in seeing the cost comparison between Cat7/Cat8 and fibre.
In our network, we don’t even bother with copper anymore for 10Gbit links. Costs for fibre and SFP+ adapters have really made the market competitive.
Agreed. Any time I’m looking at greater than 1G, I look to fiber, or DAC for shorter links. 10G-T is too expensive, and uses far too much power; ‘tho it is getting better. Also, maybe I’m just too old… I don’t see any need for 10G+ to my laptop, desktop, TV, etc.
Funny how we went from thick coax cables to thin twisted pair cables and back to thick cabling again.
Who would have expected (back in the days of the 80′s cat3-4) to be running 2GHz over twisted pair -it was generally accepted such signals were within the relm of coax.
That’s why a couple of metres of good CAT8 cable can cost you a lot. I’m sticking with my CAT5e and CAT6 for now.
Better off running SFP+ DAC Active or MM-Fiber directly. Cost difference is hardly anything for most runs when contrasting them to CAT8. Termination on the other hand is painful for Fiber.
If you need more than 10 G you just use fiber instead. You can have 40 or 100 G with cheap QSFP(+) modules. So just use cat 6a for copper connectivity, anything better is useless because, fiber.
that’s kind of what i’ve been thinking about. a fusion splicer is NOT needed to terminate fiber OM3/OM4 if you get a kit or the right stuff, just make sure to measure twice and cut one and i guess you could just pull it on the wall along with 6A, 5e and RG6 if you wanted the full buffet.
You look around OM3 and OM4 can be manufactured to a specific length, its not even expensive to buy, in total spent less than £1000 to fiber the whole house (9 rooms plus 2 out rooms), 10 gig to every room (40 gig to office) All the cables made to measure, a switch “borrowed” from work job done.
Well actually for big data center you want to use copper as much as possible! Copper is always faster than fiber in short runs. Cat 8 support 40 and 100 Gig-E!
Since Fibers always introduce latency and the more you have fiber the more you introduce latency, in the end, it adds up.
But agree with you if you don’t have hundreds of transactional server I would go with fiber.
Each datacenter have to go through an evaluation of its needs.
Yeah you want copper between the switches but cat8 is only rated 100Gbps for 15m. That’s just enough for going from rack to rack. OM3 can do that sort of speed for 70m and in practice even longer distances. Not to mention that newest SFP’s have latency around 300 nano seconds per link.
Nice Video!
I am working as an electrician here in Austria and in my company we only install cat.7 cables and use tool-less cat.6a or 7 keystones.
If I recall correctly the bigger conductor size of cat.8 is because of the skin effect.
High frequency currents only travel on the surface of the conductor !
If you need 10 Gbit or more on longish distances (20+ meters) there’s no excuse to not use Fiber Optic instead of copper IMO, especially for trunk lines.