5G? IoT? Fiber Deep? 600G? We Are ready for networking at 2019!
For years we have all been talking about the emergence of 5G services, the Internet of Things (IoT) and the new high-capacity, low-latency network architectures that will be needed to support the resulting onslaught of bandwidth. Higher-speed data rates are critical to electronic evolution and revolution.
Here are some of my collection of newest trends and predictions for year 2018. have picked and mixed here quotations from many articles (linked to source) with some of my own additions to make this posting.
5G: The most newsworthy stories in wireless today are all about 5G. In 2019, we enter a cautious, early-adoption phase of this next generation of wireless technology. 2019 will be the year when we see the first commercial networks turning on and first handsets arriving in the market. Only a small number of users will get a first taste of 5G in specific geographic locations, using specific applications, none of which are ubiquitous or cost-optimized. For more details read my 5G trends for 2019 posting.
Deep fiber: Deep deployment of fiber optics into national network infrastructure might not be as glamorous as the eagerly anticipated launch of fifth-generation mobile networks (5G); however, it is just as important—maybe even more important. Wired broadband access supports as much as 90 percent of all internet traffic even though the majority of traffic ultimately terminates on a wireless device. Wireline and wireless networks are driving new architectures to support the move from 4G LTE to 5G infrastructure. In fact, 5G relies heavily on fiber infrastructure. Service providers in the access market are talking about the evolution of their plants to a Fiber Deep (FD) Architecture. FD architectures move the optical node (the optical-to-electrical conversion point) deeper into the network and closer to the subscriber. This means shorter copper, faster speed, more capacity and reduction in maintenance cost for both cable TV network and telephone line based access networks.
Ethernet: Faster Ethernet speeds are taken to use. These transitions are driven by the increasing global IP traffic. Hyper-scalers and service providers are moving from 100GbE to 400GbE Ethernet rates and beyond. In this speed development 56Gb/s And 112Gb/s SerDes Matter.
TSN: Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) is a set of standards under development by the Time-Sensitive Networking task group of the IEEE 802.1 working group. TSN standards documents that are specified by IEEE 802.1 can be grouped into three basic key component categories that are time synchronization; scheduling and traffic shaping; selection of communication paths, path reservations and fault-tolerance. Industrial Ethernet networks embrace time-sensitive networking (TSN) technology to integrate operational technology (OT) and information technology (IT).
SDN: Software-defined networking (SDN) technology is an approach to cloud computing that facilitates network management and enables programmatically efficient network configuration in order to improve network performance and monitoring. SD-WAN applies similar technology to a wide area network (WAN). SD-WAN allows companies to build higher-performance WANs using lower-cost and commercially available Internet access, enabling businesses to partially or wholly replace more expensive private WAN connection technologies such as MPLS.
IPv6: IPv4 and IPv6 are the two Protocols Run the Internet in 2019. The long-forecasted day the internet runs out of addresses has arrived and it marks a paradigm shift in the internet’s evolution. Though IPv6 has been available globally since 2012, it has seen a slow, if increasing, adoption rate. The migration to IPv6 is inevitable but will take time during that both systems are in use. In many networks a notable amount of traffic is already IPv6.
New Internet protocols: Internet security gets a boost with TLS 1.3. Also HTTP is in process of switching to a protocol layered on top of UDP. Today’s HTTP (versions 1.0, 1.1, and 2) are all layered on top of TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) that is not very optimal in today’s applications as SSL over TCP requires subsequent round trips to establish the encrypted connection.
IoT: The IoT world is here, and the level and rate of convergence is increasing in volume and velocity. We will see the evolution of converged networks for IoT applications in mind. Network convergence (version 2.0) is here with changes and improvements made since the first converged network (Convergence 1.0). TIA TR-42 (Telecommunications Cabling Systems ANSI/TIA-568 family), BICSI (TDMM and others) and proprietary or third documents must adapt and adjust.
PoE: The IEEE 802.3bt standard, approved by the IEEE Standards Association Board on September 27, 2018, included some significant enhancements especially for LED lighting systems. This specification allows for up to 90W of delivered power for cable lengths of up to 100m through the use of all four pairs of wires.
Trade wars: It seem that there is a high tech “trade war” between USA and China. It affects specifically networking business. Big Chinese manufacturers Huawei and ZTE are have received sanctions and their products are not wanted by many countries citing their business practices and potential security nightmares. For example Japan to halt buying Huawei, ZTE equipment and Huawei has been under fire in UK, just to mention examples. It seems that the business that is lost by Huawei and ZTE could benefit Ericsson and Nokia in the 5G base station markets for short term.
Security: The internet is going to hell and its creators want your help fixing it. All agree on one thing however: Right now there is a serious battle for heart and minds, the future of the internet and global society itself. There seems to be need for a conference to address the fact that people increasingly see tech as a threat and no longer as a pure force for good. Government set to revise internal rules on procurement to protect national cybersecurity. Your DNS might be broken, and you don’t even know it. Some DNS old hacks gets thrown out of use by February 1st, 2019.
WiFi: WiFi technology gets new marketing naming. The numerical sequence includes: Wi-Fi 6 to identify devices that support 802.11ax technology, Wi-Fi 5 to identify devices that support 802.11ac technology, Wi-Fi 4 to identify devices that support 802.11n technology.
Faster mobile: Mobile networks are getting faster in many countries. Mobile networks are killing Wi-Fi for speed around the world. Average data speeds on mobile networks now outpace customer’s Wi-Fi connection, on average, in 33 countries. That’s the The State of Wifi vs Mobile Network Experience as 5G Arrives.
Energy efficiency: We need to develop more energy efficient networking technologies. Today, information and communication technologies globally consume 8% of electricity and doubles every year.
1,186 Comments
Tomi Engdahl says:
Makena Kelly / The Verge:
The US FCC approves “nutrition labels” forcing ISPs to show prices, speed, and more, plus network management practices like throttling, starting on November 15 — It’s part of the Biden administration’s plan to boost market competition — Understanding your broadband speeds …
FCC unanimously approves ‘nutrition labels’ for broadband services
https://www.theverge.com/2022/1/27/22904705/broadband-nutrition-labels-internet-service-rosenworcel-biden-competition?scrolla=5eb6d68b7fedc32c19ef33b4
It’s part of the Biden administration’s plan to boost market competition
Tomi Engdahl says:
Remember those Russian SFP’s that ran Linux? This dude bought some, and wrote up a somewhat review, somewhat playing around post on them. — Ghost in the ethernet optic
https://blog.benjojo.co.uk/post/smart-sfp-linux-inside
Tomi Engdahl says:
The GNU Name System (GNS) is a decentralized and censorship-resistant name system that provides a privacy-enhancing alternative to the Domain Name System (DNS)
https://lsd.gnunet.org/lsd0001/
Tomi Engdahl says:
SpaceX reveals $500 monthly ‘Premium’ Starlink service with speeds up to 500 Mbps
https://www.engadget.com/space-x-reveals-premium-starlink-tier-with-500-mbps-speeds-for-500-a-month-112815004.html
Tomi Engdahl says:
Mitchell Clark / The Verge:
The FCC notifies Congress that service providers requested ~$5.6B to replace Huawei and ZTE equipment in US networks, up from the FCC’s $1.8B estimate in 2020
The cost of ripping and replacing Chinese cellular equipment has ballooned by billions
In 2020 the estimate was $1.8 billion — now it’s $5.6 billion
https://www.theverge.com/2022/2/4/22918611/rip-and-replace-hauwei-zte-fcc-cell-network-securty?scrolla=5eb6d68b7fedc32c19ef33b4
The estimated cost of replacing Huawei and ZTE equipment in US networks has increased substantially. On Friday, Federal Communications Commission (FCC) chairwoman Jessica Rosenworcel told Congress that providers had applied to be reimbursed $5.6 billion for “ripping and replacing” equipment deemed insecure by the US government (via Light Reading). In September, 2020, the FCC estimated that the effort would cost $1.8 billion, and in December, 2020 Congress earmarked around $1.9 billion for the effort.
But Rosenworcel said Friday in a statement that the FCC had received “over 181 applications from carriers who have developed plans to remove and replace equipment in their networks that pose a national security threat.” She went on to say that she “look[s] forward to working with Congress to ensure that there is enough funding available for this program to advance Congress’s security goals and ensure that the U.S. will continue to lead the way on 5G security.”
The Supply Chain Reimbursement Program was put in place after intelligence agencies raised concerns about carriers building out their 5G networks with equipment from Chinese companies like Huawei. The FCC under former chairman Ajit Pai said ZTE and Huawei were national security risks, more or less blocking telecoms from purchasing equipment from them. But by that point, some carriers had already bought and installed equipment from the manufacturers, and smaller telecoms claimed they wouldn’t be able to bear the replacement costs (especially since the main draw of the Chinese equipment was its low cost compared to other providers).
The program was designed to “reimburse providers of advanced communications services for costs reasonably incurred for removing, replacing, and disposing of communications equipment and services” from ZTE and Huawei. After surveying networks that had the Chinese equipment in 2020, the FCC reported that it would cost over $1.8 billion to “remove and replace,” and estimated that around $1.6 billion would qualify for reimbursement.
Tomi Engdahl says:
6 gigahertsin wifi tuli Pohjoismaihin
https://etn.fi/index.php/13-news/13138-6-gigahertsin-wifi-tuli-pohjoismaihin
WiFi 6E on tekniikka, joka vie langattomat lähiverkot uuteen aikaan. Joulukuussa Traficom vapautti tämän alueen (5,9-6,4 GHz) radiolaitteet luvanvaraisuudesta. Tähän asti laitteita ei ole ollut vielä tarjolla, mutta nyt Asusin pelibrändi ROG tuo ensimmäisen 6E-reitittimen Pohjolaan.
Kyse on ainakin valmistajan ilmoituksen mukaan maailman ensimmäisestä WiFi 6E -reitittimestä. Se tukee jopa seitsemää ylimääräistä 160 MHz kanavaa. Parhaimmillaan wifi-nopeus kiihtyy GT-AXE11000 -reitittimellä jopa 11 gigabittiin sekunnissa. Nopeus riippuu tottakai käytössä olevista taajuuksista, jotka vaihtelevat alueellisesti.
WiFi 6E -tekniikka tukee täysin kaikkia olemassa olevia WiFi-laitteita ja hyödyntää uutta radiotaajuutta 6 GHz:n kaistalla. Tämän kaistanleveys on kolme kertaa suurempi kuin 5 GHz:n kaistalla, mikä lisää jopa seitsemän 160 MHz:n taajuuskaistaa olemassa olevan WiFi 6 -kapasiteetin päälle. WiFi 6E lyhentää myös yhteyksien latenssia ja koska 6 GHz:n kaista on omistettu vain WiFi 6E -laitteille, voidaan niillä ylläpitää suuria nopeuksia, joihin edellisen sukupolven laitteet eivät vaikuta.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Did you know? You can set a few Linux kernel values to increase Linux Internet speed with TCP BBR congestion control for your Linux VM or server. Try it out https://www.cyberciti.biz/cloud-computing/increase-your-linux-server-internet-speed-with-tcp-bbr-congestion-control/
Tomi Engdahl says:
The company expects at least 40 satellites will burn up in the Earth’s atmosphere after failing to enter orbit due to a geomagnetic storm.
At Least 40 Starlink Satellites Launched By SpaceX Last Week Have Destroyed By Geomagnetic Storm
https://lm.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fsiladityaray%2F2022%2F02%2F09%2Fat-least-40-starlink-satellites-launched-by-spacex-last-week-have-destroyed-by-geomagnetic-storm%2F%3Futm_campaign%3Dforbes%26utm_source%3Dfacebook%26utm_medium%3Dsocial%26utm_term%3DGordie&h=AT2uGMaoP5e85VA_6WxL_e8lfbKApXbQa9CapMYyJHhVRoEL44MVhUR7OOZMIlkJ1ZhjeJshCTOHtuc_oY36COJo7ks8n7y_zvHw_ur9ZonnhydVmFe99Ja2FMS7RUF5xclHUZ-xfGUa3mmvWw
At least 40 of the 49 Starlink satellites launched by SpaceX last week have been destroyed by a geomagnetic storm, the company announced on Tuesday, dealing an expensive blow to the Elon Musk-backed satellite internet service.
In an update published on its website, SpaceX said last week’s launch of the satellites was severely affected by the storm which caused “up to 50 percent higher drag” than earlier launches.
Despite the company’s best attempts to reorient the satellites to fly “edge-on (like a sheet of paper)” to help minimize drag, the company expects at least 40 of those satellites will burn up in the Earth’s atmosphere instead of reaching their orbit.
https://www.spacex.com/updates/
On Thursday, February 3 at 1:13 p.m. EST, Falcon 9 launched 49 Starlink satellites to low Earth orbit from Launch Complex 39A (LC-39A) at Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Falcon 9’s second stage deployed the satellites into their intended orbit, with a perigee of approximately 210 kilometers above Earth, and each satellite achieved controlled flight.
SpaceX deploys its satellites into these lower orbits so that in the very rare case any satellite does not pass initial system checkouts it will quickly be deorbited by atmospheric drag. While the low deployment altitude requires more capable satellites at a considerable cost to us, it’s the right thing to do to maintain a sustainable space environment.
Unfortunately, the satellites deployed on Thursday were significantly impacted by a geomagnetic storm on Friday. These storms cause the atmosphere to warm and atmospheric density at our low deployment altitudes to increase.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Space had too harsh weather conditions for recent Starlink satellite update. At least those 40 satellites are burning up on re-entry rather than contributing to the space junk problem.
Tomi Engdahl says:
WiFi-verkot vaihdetaan nyt uusiin
https://etn.fi/index.php/13-news/13155-wifi-verkot-vaihdetaan-nyt-uusiin
IEEE hyväksyi kuudennen polven WiFi-tekniikan eli 802.11ax-standardin jo syyskuussa 2020. Nyt Trendfroce ennustaa, että WiFi 6 ja yhteydet 6 gigahertsin alueelle laajentanut 6E-versio nousevat tänä vuonna markkinoiden kärkeen.
Tällä hetkellä viides WiFi-polvi eli 802.11ac on edelleen yleisin uusissa laitteissa. Vuoden lopulla uusi WiFi-sukupolvi kuitenkin valtaa markkinat 58 prosentin markkinaosuudella. Samalla 802.11ax-laitteista tulee nopeimmin markkinat vallannut WiFi-laitepolvi.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Toki työn alla on jo seuraava eli WiFi 7. Sen tuloa markkinoille Trendforce povaa vasta vuoden 2023 lopulla.
Tomi Engdahl says:
SpaceX aims to restore Tonga’s internet using Starlink satellites
https://lm.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2Fspacex-starlink-tonga-satellite-internet-144507108.html&h=AT32Umybw1mwcyl_QCZ_yS2R3M_RRAxON10-f0hMiAfXX3ZKFW3hdC_ERjA-uDIXbaUrqhI-S-l6IlmR_ukqXSDjWhzE7O3k1_Q0ocGN_YDRgA8vtCS_e86A1-wey7J1jg
The satellite broadband provider is reportedly building an internet bridge.
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://www.seeclearfield.com/newsroom/grounding-or-no-grounding-whats-required-for-fiber.html
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://www.cyberciti.biz/cloud-computing/increase-your-linux-server-internet-speed-with-tcp-bbr-congestion-control/
Tomi Engdahl says:
A new amplifying technique for weak and noisy optical signals
https://phys.org/news/2022-02-amplifying-technique-weak-noisy-optical.html
Tomi Engdahl says:
Optical oscilloscope picks up the pace
https://physicsworld.com/a/optical-oscilloscope-picks-up-the-pace/
Tomi Engdahl says:
Indonesia’s new mega-telco to build 18, 000km submarine cable to the US https://www.theregister.com/2022/02/11/acc_1_submarine_cable_usa_indonesia/
Indonesian telco Indosat Ooredoo Hutchison and independent cable builder and operator Inligo Networks have signed a memorandum of understanding to construct an 18, 000km submarine cable linking Indonesia, Singapore, Australia, Japan, and the US. The Networks Asia Connect Cable System (ACC-1) will offer 240Tbit/sec of capacity. Its planned route will touch five Indonesian cities including the tech manufacturing centre in Batam, Singapore, the northern Australian city of Darwin, the fledgling nation of Timor Leste, Tokyo, and eventually terminate in Los Angeles and Portland, Oregon, with a stopover on the US-controlled island of Guam.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Rafaela Lindeberg / Bloomberg:
Ericsson CEO says the company might have made payments to ISIS to gain access to transport routes in Iraq in 2018, causing shares to drop by over 8.5%
Ericsson Shares Crash After CEO Says Firm May Have Paid ISIS
Company hasn’t yet determined final recipient of money
Shares in the Stockholm-based company fell as much as 14.5%
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-02-16/ericsson-ceo-concedes-company-may-have-paid-off-isis-in-iraq
Tomi Engdahl says:
How are we going to do this?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9T98VsMe3oo
Linus’ parents are building a sweet new off-the-grid cabin miles offshore of the mainland here in British Columbia, and while they’ve figured out power, sewage, and water, they left one thing for me: the internet.
CHAPTERS
—————————————————
0:00 Intro & The Problem
1:09 Proposed Solution: PtP WiFi
2:05 Finding Linus
3:57 Linus of Sight
4:34 The Scissor Lift
5:24 Gear Haul
6:43 Unboxing the AirFibre 60 LR
7:46 Mounting
9:40 Dishin’ Specs + How it Works
10:28 More Mounting
12:58 Plugging Everything In
14:04 It Works!
15:20 Aligning the Dishes
16:10 Speed Tests
17:10 Outro
Tomi Engdahl says:
Gaming on STARLINK!!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fh1a2K9ZgNA
The next generation of satellite internet is here… but is it any good… and how does it work, exactly? But most importantly, can you pwn noobs from space with it?
Tomi Engdahl says:
They insulated the wires with pulp or paper so they could bundle them all tightly together inside more paper wrapping and the outside was lead. Still in use until the cell phone just about wiped the copper industry out (landlines) along with other insulation materials, most recently varieties of plastic
Tomi Engdahl says:
Telephone Tower in Stockholm, Sweden before they figured out bundling lines into cables. There are around 5000 lines in this tower (1890).
Next they insulated the wires with pulp or paper so they could bundle them all tightly together inside more paper wrapping and the outside was lead. Still in use until the cell phone and fiber just about wiped the copper industry out (landlines) along with other insulation materials, most recently varieties of plastic.
https://rarehistoricalphotos.com/the-stockholm-telephone-tower-1890/
Tomi Engdahl says:
Thanks, dad: Jammer used to stop kids going online, wipes out a town’s internet by mistake
https://www.zdnet.com/article/thanks-dad-jammer-used-to-control-kids-online-time-father-wipes-out-a-towns-internet-by-mistake/#ftag=RSSbaffb68
The father claimed that his teenagers had become “addicted” to social media and browsing the web since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, a situation potentially made worse due to social restrictions and lockdowns.. The jammer was intended to stop them from covertly using their smartphones to go online when they were meant to be asleep.
However, the jammer also managed to wreck connectivity havoc for other residents and the neighboring town.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Mon Dieu! French Parent Kills Cell Service For An Entire Town To Stop Kids Surfing
https://hackaday.com/2022/02/19/mon-dieu-french-parent-kills-cell-service-for-an-entire-town-to-stop-kids-surfing/
It used to be that having technical skills meant that fixing the computer problems of elderly relatives was a regular occurrence. Over the last few years this has been joined by another request on our time; friends with teenage children requesting help configuring their routers such that Internet access is curtailed when the kids should sleeping. In France a desperate parent took more extreme measures, buying a wideband frequency jammer to ensure les petits anges can’t waste the night away on social media sites through their cellular connections. It had the intended effect, but sadly it also interrupted cellular coverage over a wide area The French spectrum regulator ANFR sent in their investigators (French, Google Translate link), and now the unfortunate parent faces the prospect of up to 6 months imprisonment and €30,000 fine for owning and using a device that’s illegal in France.
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://www.uusiteknologia.fi/2022/02/21/reaaliaikaisiin-ethernet-verkkoihin-uutuuspiireja/
Tomi Engdahl says:
ADSL ROBUSTNESS VERIFIED BY RUNNING OVER WET STRING
https://hackaday.com/2017/12/14/adsl-robustness-verified-by-running-over-wet-string/
Tomi Engdahl says:
MTU size issues, fragmentation, and jumbo frames
https://www.networkworld.com/article/2224654/mtu-size-issues.amp.html
The maximum transmission unit (MTU) for a protocol sets the top limit on how big its packets can be, but the network devices they pass through, encapsulation and other factors can complicate things.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Kuituverkolla nopeammat Wifi6-yhteydet
https://www.uusiteknologia.fi/2022/03/05/kuituverkolla-nopeammat-wifi6-yhteydet/
Huawei laajentaa kiinteistöissä langattoman Wifi6-verkon kattavuutta kuituun perustuvalla Fiber to the Room (FTTR) –ratkaisulla. Ratkaisu tuo gigabitin Wifi6 –kattavuuden jokaiseen kodin tai yrityskiinteistön huoneeseen.
Huawein uudessa FTTR-ratkaisussa jokaiseen huoneeseen vedetään kuituyhteys, jonka kautta verkon Wifi6 -teknologialla voidaan saavuttaa 1200 Mbit/s:n nopeus kaikkialla kiinteistössä. Perinteisissä ratkaisuissa ongelmana on usein kapea kaista ja korkeat vasteajat.
Huawein uudessa tatkaisussa käytetään joustavia kuituja, joiden joiden käyttöikä voi olla Huawein mukaan jopa 30 vuotta. FTTR vähentää lisäksi tietoliikenteen sähkönkulutusta 20 prosentilla vakioratkaisuun verrattuna.
https://www.huawei.com/en/technology-insights/inspiration-lab/fttr-solution
Tomi Engdahl says:
Huawei tuo kuidun ja wifin yhdistelmällä gigabitin verkon joka huoneeseen
https://etn.fi/index.php/13-news/13263-huawei-tuo-kuidun-ja-wifin-yhdistelmaellae-gigabitin-verkon-joka-huoneeseen
Huawei esitteli Mobile World Congressissa Barcelonassa niin kutsutun Fiber to the Room -ratkaisunsa, joka laajentaa valokuidun kodin kaikkiin huoneisiin. FTTR-ratkaisu mahdollistaa 1 gigabitin Wi-Fi 6 -verkon jokaisessa huoneessa.
- Koronapandemia on pakottanut monet työskentelemään kotoa, mutta myös kiihdyttänyt digiloikkaa. Kotilaajakaistapalvelut ovat siirtyneet teräväpiirtoisesta videoviihdeestä monikeskuspalveluihin, kuten XR-kokemukseen, online-toimistotoimintaan ja älykoteihin. Myös yrityspalvelut ovat siirtyneet pilveen, sanoo Huawei Suomen IP Network Solution Manager Joni Niemi.
Täysin vihreä: Ratkaisussa käytetään ultrajoustavia läpinäkyviä kuituja, jotka ovat kustannustehokkaita ja ympäristöystävällisiä, ja joiden käyttöikä on jopa 30 vuotta. Tällä hetkellä yli 20 maailmanlaajuista operaattoria on valinnut Huawei FTTR:n pilotointiin ja kaupalliseen käyttöön.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Broadcom: Jo miljardi WiFi6-piiriä
https://etn.fi/index.php/13-news/13266-broadcom-jo-miljardi-wifi6-piiriae
Langaton lähiverkko eli WiFi on suosituin tapa liittää laitteita verkkoon ja uuden 6. polven standardin myötä yhteyksien laatu on parantunut selvästi. Lisäpotkua tuovat uudet kaistat 6E-laajennuksessa. Broadcom kertoo toimittaneensa markkinoille jo miljardi WiFi 6- ja 6E-sirua.
Viime vuonna tähän aikaan Broadcom kertoi toimittaneensa laite- ja reititinvalmistajille yli 500 miljoonaa WiFi 6 -piiriä. Nyt 12 kuukautta myöhemmin määrä on kaksinkertaistunut ja tuonut Braodcom-logolla varustettuja WiFi 6- ja 6E-siruja yli miljardi kappaletta.
WiFi 6 on selvästi nopeimmin markkinoille läpilyönyt lähiverkkotekniikka. Broadcom alkoi puhua kuudennen polven WiFistä vuonna 2017. Se luapsi kuusi kertaa nopeammat yhteydet verkkoon päin, neljä kertaa enemmän nopeutta alavirtaan, neljä kertaa paremman peiton ja seitsemän kertaa paremman akunkeston kuin edellinen WiFi-standardi.
6E vei WiFin kuuden gigahertsin taajuusalueelle. Kyse on varsin uudesta tekniikasta ja esimerkiksi Suomessa taajuusalue vapautettiin WiFin käyttöön Ficoran toimesta vasta joulukuussa. Broadcom oli ensimmäinen piirivalmistaja, joka toi tarjolle WiFI 6E -piirisarjan. WiFi 6E:n kasvuvauhti kiihtyy kaikkialla maailmassa. Yhdysvalloissa, Euroopassa ja Etelä-Koreassa miljoonat laitteet toimivat jo 6 GHz:llä. Saudi-Arabia, Yhdistyneet arabiemiirikunnat, Malesia ja monet Amerikan maat ovat seuranneet esimerkkiä avaamalla taajuudet WiFi 6E:lle.
Tänä vuonna WiFi 6E on päässyt laajempaan valikoimaan älypuhelimia, mukaan lukien Google Pixel 6 and 6 Pro ja Samsung Galaxy S22 Ultra ja Plus. Reitittimiä on tullut muun muassa NETGEARilta, TP-Linkiltä ja Comcastilta.
Seuraavaksi on vuorossa WiFi 7. IEEE työstää kuitenkin jo seuraavaa sukupolvea, joka tunnetaan nimellä 802.11be. Sen myötä wifi-verkon nopeus kasvaa reititintä kohti jopa 30 gigabittiin sekunnissa.
IEEE:n mukaan 802.11be:n tavoitteena on erittäin suuren datanopeuden lisäksi latenssin puristaminen minimiin ja linkin luotettavuuden kasvattaminen.
WiFi 7:n aikataulu on osin vielä avoin. 802.11be-työryhmä perustettiin toukokuussa 2019. Nyt standardiluonnos on ehtinyt 1.0-vaiheeseen, ensi keväänä on 2.0-draftin tarkoitus olla valmiina. Marraskuussa 2022 IEEEn roadmapissa lukee Draft 3.0 ja marraskuussa 2023 Draft 4.0. Täysin valmiina standardin pitäisi olla keväällä 2024.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Integroitu optiikka tuo tehoa ethernetiin
https://etn.fi/index.php/13-news/13268-integroitu-optiikka-tuo-tehoa-ethernetiin
Internet-liikenteen määrä kasvaa tunnetusti eksponentiaalista vauhtia. Tämä asettaa jatkuvasti kasvavia haasteita datakeskusten verkkokorteille ja -prosessoreille. Ranovus lupaa korjata ongelman integroidulla prosessorin ja optisen vastaanottimen yhdistelmällä. Nyt tekniikkaa on ensimmäistä kertaa demottu FPGA-pohjaisella verkkokortilla.
Ranovus esitteli viime vuoden puolella Odin-piirin, joka on yhtiön mukaan toisen polven CPO-suoritin. CPO tulee sanoista Co-packaged optics. Odin 2.0 kykenee prosessoimaan 800 gigabitin datalinjaa erittäin alhaisella latenssilla ja protokolla-agnostisesti.
Odin-piirillä voidaan toteuttaa esimerkiksi ethernet-liitäntä, joka skaalautuu 800 gigabitistä aina 3,2 terabittiin sekunnissa. Laite välittää PAM4signaoidun datan ethernet-kytkimelle ja koneoppimis- ja tekoälymalleja laskevalle piirille yhdessä ja samassa kotelossa.
Tomi Engdahl says:
IT blamed after HR forgets to install sockets in new office
Walls? Check. Windows? Check. Did we forget something? Yes, but just feel the carpet
https://www.theregister.com/2022/03/07/who_me/
Tomi Engdahl says:
Testausratkaisu vie uusille wifi-taajuuksille
https://etn.fi/index.php/13-news/13296-testausratkaisu-vie-uusille-wifi-taajuuksille
WiFi 6E on tekniikka, joka vie langattomat lähiverkot uuteen aikaan. Joulukuussa Traficom vapautti tämän alueen (5,9-6,4 GHz) radiolaitteet luvanvaraisuudesta. Jos haluat suunnitella laitteesi toimimaan myös uusilla 6 gigahertsin taajuuksilla, siihen on nyt olemassa EMITEn ja Anritsun yhdessä kehittämä testausratkaisu.
Uudessa 6E-testausratkaisussa Anritsun langattomien yhteyksien MT8862A-testeri on integroitu EMITE E600-kammioon. Kombon avulla kehittäjät voivat testata IEEE 802.11ax -laitteiden OTA TRP/TIS -suorituskykyä toistettavassa ympäristössä.
Järjestelmällä voi mitata kokonaissäteilytehon (TRP) ja kokonaisisotrooppisen herkkyyden (TIS) OTA-suorituskykyindikaattoreita IEEE 802.11ax -laitteissa. Kehittäjät ja palveluntarjoajat voivat testata ja ottaa käyttöön uusimmat standardit, joten ne voivat tarjota markkinoille ratkaisuja, joiden suorituskykyyn voidaan täysin luottaa.
WiFi 6E -tekniikka tukee täysin kaikkia olemassa olevia WiFi-laitteita ja hyödyntää uutta radiotaajuutta 6 GHz:n kaistalla. Tämän kaistanleveys on kolme kertaa suurempi kuin 5 GHz:n kaistalla, mikä lisää jopa seitsemän 160 MHz:n taajuuskaistaa olemassa olevan WiFi 6 -kapasiteetin päälle.
Tomi Engdahl says:
How Hyperscalers Turned into Ethernet Roadmap Influencers
March 11, 2022
It’s the age of hyperscale data centers, and the demands for Ethernet bandwidth and speed have never been greater. Explore the trends and challenges of this new era with perspectives on how to navigate the data load with Ethernet IP.
https://www.electronicdesign.com/technologies/communications/article/21235900/synopsys-how-hyperscalers-turned-into-ethernet-roadmap-influencers?utm_source=EG%20ED%20Connected%20Solutions&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=CPS220307026&o_eid=7211D2691390C9R&rdx.ident%5Bpull%5D=omeda%7C7211D2691390C9R&oly_enc_id=7211D2691390C9R
What you’ll learn:
What trends are driving new hyperscale data centers to be Ethernet roadmap influencers?
How challenges transitioning Ethernet to higher data rates impacted design.
How can an Ethernet IP partner help you when moving to 400 GbE, 800 GbE, 1.6 TbE, and beyond?
Massive amounts of ever-increasing data are moving across great distances to keep our digital lives from crashing. The need for increased bandwidth isn’t a new story, but with new emerging applications such as AI, AR/VR, and 5G, we’re in a perfect storm of bandwidth hunger.
To meet the capacity and performance of these new applications, Alibaba, Amazon, Apple, Baidu, ByteDance, Google, Meta, Microsoft, and Tencent; software-as-a-service (SaaS) companies; and others are building capacity-enhancing hyperscale data centers. Such applications not only need additional user-to-data-center internet bandwidth, but also require an exponential increase in intra-data-center bandwidth.
Thus, the push for faster Ethernet is mounting even as IEEE protocol standards are yet to be set. 400 GbE is just rolling out now. It’s estimated that 800 GbE or even 1.6 TbE could be years out, and even these higher rates could lag behind what’s needed to manage the projected data load. To meet the challenges of this new era, Ethernet IP is a critical part of the Ethernet puzzle, helping designers bring the future—800 G/1.6 TbE and beyond—to life.
Let’s take a look at some of today’s bandwidth challenges and explore how you can navigate through them.
In fact, in a 2020 report, Global Market Insights expects the hyperscale data-center market to increase by 15% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) to $60 billion by 2027. According to the IEEE 802.3 Industry Connections NEA Ad Hoc Ethernet Bandwidth Assessment Part II, here’s why it will continue to grow:
Billions more people accessing the internet:Only 57% of the global population was online as of 2019, and adoption is growing rapidly. As the world closes in on eight billion people, that means potentially billions more people to drive a new era in bandwidth hunger.
9 billion more devices, a 19% CAGR increase from 2017 to 2022: More people have more devices. It’s a trend that’s not expected to level off any time soon. In addition, as machines begin connecting with other machines, sharing and transmitting data through IoT, access points and devices will proliferate, as will the need for bandwidth.
Increased services:As video and gaming has driven much of the bandwidth needs of today, this will only increase as new technologies come online, such as augmented reality/virtual reality (AR/VR), autonomous automotive applications, and more. Innovation will further escalate services and with it, the need for more bandwidth.
Today’s push for managing our data is just a prologue for what’s coming. Web services companies have traditionally provided data-center services. However, because of this new environment and the future we face, many enterprises are beginning to build and customize their own hyperscale data centers. The ability to ramp up and down in preparation for any context is simply good business. And that good business is influencing the Ethernet roadmap.
The Need for a Big, Fast Data Pipe
So, the need for speed has become insatiable in data management. While networking equipment companies have been the traditional influencers of Ethernet speeds and IEEE Ethernet protocols, today’s hyperscalers are the disruptors.
In the last few years, the sheer amount of data has ballooned, outpacing our current and future Ethernet speeds (see figure). As a result, hyperscalers have supplanted the network equipment companies, customizing their own networking solutions and becoming Ethernet roadmap influencers.
While Ethernet is the networking technology of choice for many reasons, it comes with the following challenges, too, especially when transitioning to higher data rates:
Restrictive power envelope: While the physical size of one rack unit in hyperscalers has remained constant, its bandwidth has increased by 80 times in the last 12 years. This has significantly increased power density. With 800 GbE/1.6 TbE, it will rise even further. Thus, system designers are looking for ways to manage this kind of heat dissipation.
Electrical difficulties and digital logic throughput:Moving across channel reaches from one Ethernet speed to another can present electrical and throughput difficulties. The next-generation switch bandwidths demand 512 lanes of 112-Gb/s SerDes integrated into one SoC. Monolithic integration of such a large SoC is posing implementation challenges with current manufacturing processes. The switch designers are looking at co-packaged and near-packaged implementations to address this challenge.
Lowered latency: With next-generation designs, Ethernet is used in latency-sensitive applications as well. Minimizing latency requires the data path to be efficient. A PHY + controller integrated design offers ways to optimize the data path and reduce latency through solution-level optimization.
How Can You Prepare for the Future with Ethernet IP?
Ethernet is a technology that defines the data-link layers and physical layers, the first two layers of the seven-layer open systems interconnect (OSI) communications stack. And Ethernet IP is a critical component in connectivity. Integrated Ethernet IP featuring the MAC, PCS, and PHY can save you a lot of headaches, supporting the increase in bandwidth while ensuring interoperability and lowering latency.
Let’s look at the common scenario of using copper cabling for short-distance connectivity between servers in a hyperscaler. Copper is a preferred choice for this application to skirt the cost of fiber optics. For rack switch communication, you’ll need a long-reach, high-performance SerDes to keep the links free of error. But a 51.2-Tb/s switch that has 112-Gb/s SerDes requires 512 lanes in your SoC, which will give you trouble when it comes to signal and power integrity. Because temperature is a critical component to keep everything running smoothly, you’ll need to consider how you will keep it down with this kind of integration.
1.6 T Ethernet is Coming
IEEE has made an 802.3df task force to define standards for next-generation Ethernet after 400 GbE. While it’s still very early for 1.6 TbE, prototypes will likely start emerging this year even while the protocol specifications aren’t yet set by IEEE.
It’s not too soon to start thinking about how you will support 1.6 T when it inevitably arrives. Will 1.6 T Ethernet continue with end-to-end forward error correction (FEC) or adopt a segmented FEC? What would the FEC overhead be and what would the raw PHY bit error rate (PHY BER) targets with 800 G/1.6 T channels be? And MAC, PCS, and PMA must be optimally integrated into your Ethernet connectivity solution for the best performance and latency profile. If each of the sublayers of the OSI stack is from a different vendor, it will complicate your interoperability.
Although there will be multiple configurations in the future, the emergence of the OSFP-XD form factor suggests that initial 1.6 T designs will use 112 G SerDes and must support 16 lanes for the PCS to get to 1.6 T. Going forward, when 200 G lambda optics comes along, 224 G SerDes matching optical modulation (PAM4 or PAM6) will be needed for power-optimized implementation.
For enterprises to navigate this future, choosing your Ethernet IP vendor—one with deep experience and complete solutions—is key. Your vendor should have solutions for the gamut of Ethernet speeds 200/400/800 G and 1.6 T when it comes online, with configurable controllers and silicon PHYs, verification IP, development kits and interface IP subsystems.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Google has to date released three versions of its AC1200 mesh Wi-Fi device. A detailed analysis of a first-gen unit, along with a comparison to the second-gen successor, results in several surprises.
Read the full article: http://arw.li/6180KlQ3i
#EDN #IndustryNews #Engineering
Tomi Engdahl says:
66 prosenttia ihmisistä on netissä
https://etn.fi/index.php/13-news/13317-66-prosenttia-ihmisistae-on-netissae
Atlas VPN:n keräämän datan mukaan internetin levinneisyys maailmanlaajuisesti saavuttaa 66 prosenttia vuoden 2022 ensimmäisen neljänneksen loppuun mennessä. Pohjois-Amerikka ja Eurooppa ovat edelleen ainoat alueet, joiden netti tavoittaa noin 90 prosenttia väestöstä.
Pohjois-Amerikka on maailman johtava Internetin levinneisyysaste 93,4 prosentilla. Yhdysvalloissa ja Kanadassa on hyvin kehittynyt verkkoinfrastruktuuri, joka mahdollistaa helpon pääsyn. Yhteensä Pohjois-Amerikassa on yli 347 miljoonaa internetin käyttäjää.
Eurooppa on levinneisyysasteella toisella sijalla, sillä 88,4 prosenttia eurooppalaisista on internetin käyttäjiä. Yli 743 miljoonaa eurooppalaista on yhteydessä verkkoon. Latinalaisessa Amerikassa ja Karibian alueella Internetin levinneisyysaste on 80,4 prosenttia. Korkeasta prosenttiosuudesta huolimatta monissa Latinalaisen Amerikan alueen maissa kattavuus on epätasainen, ja data- ja laitekustannukset ovat korkeat.
Lähi-idän maat tarjoavat Internetin 76,4 prosentille väestöstään.
Tomi Engdahl says:
An #adapter for Teledyne LeCroy’s SierraNet 648 #Ethernet protocol analyzer enables PAM4 100-Gbps Layer-1 link training and auto-negotiation capture.
Read the full article: http://arw.li/6180KSnOp
#EDN #IndustryNews #Engineering
Adapter outfits analyzer for 100GbE PAM4 test
https://www.edn.com/adapter-outfits-analyzer-for-100gbe-pam4-test/?utm_source=edn_facebook&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=Articles
An adapter for Teledyne’s SierraNet 648 Ethernet protocol analyzer enables PAM4 100-Gbps Layer-1 link training and auto-negotiation capture. By adding the single-lane adapter to the SierraNet 648, engineers can capture and analyze the link negotiation characteristics of IEEE 802.3ck 100GbE DUTs. A second adapter can also be added for simultaneous 100GbE capture on two links.
Designed for high-speed storage and communications fabrics, the SierraNet 648 protocol analyzer allows the examination and modification of Ethernet and Fibre Channel links using both PAM4 and legacy NRZ technologies. With the 100GbE Layer-1 adapter, the instrument can identify link-interoperability problems between fabric components, such as switches, network interface cards, servers, and network attached storage.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Nokia kiihdytti kuidun ennätysnopeuteen Japanissa
https://etn.fi/index.php/13-news/13367-nokia-kiihdytti-kuidun-ennaetysnopeuteen-japanissa
Nokia ja japanilainen Rakuten Mobile ovat demonneet 1 terabitin datansiirtonopeutta yhtä kuitukanavaa kohti liveverkossa. Tällä hetkellä Rakutenin DWDM-verkko toimii 200 ggabitin nopeudella, joten parannus on peräti viisinkertainen. Kokeilu kesti kaksi päivää tammikuussa 2022, ja siihen yhdistettiin 135 kilometrin päässä toisistaan sijaitsevia datakeskuksia Kanton alueella Japanissa.
Terabitin nopeus saavutettiin Nokian reitittimen PSE-prosessoreilla. Käytössä olli 150 gigahertsin kaista.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Analysaattori testaa nopeimmankin Ethernet-linkin
https://etn.fi/index.php/13-news/13380-analysaattori-testaa-nopeimmankin-ethernet-linkin
Ethernetiä määritellään useilla alistandardeilla ja laitevalmistajan on varmistuttava siitä, että kaapelikokoonpano vastaa haluttua. Saksalainen Rohde & Schwarz on nyt tuonut vektoripiirianalysaattorilleen tuen IEEE 802.3 -standardin eri nopeusluokille aina ck-varianttia myöten.
Ethernetin rooli on jatkuvasti kasvanut, kun internet-datan määrä ja sitä käsittelevien datakeskusten määrä kasvaa. DAC-kaapelit ovat edullisin ratkaisu lyhyisiin datayhteyksiin, joten niitä käytetään laajalti nopeissa verkoissa ja datakeskuksissa. Kaapelien suorituskyky on elintärkeää koko järjestelmän kannalta.
Rohde & Schwarzin uusi ZNrun-alusta automatisoi IEEE 802.3-standardeihin pohjautuvien kaapelikokoonpanojen kaapeleiden ja taustalevyjen yhteensopivuustestit. Ratkaisu tukee 802.3bj-, by-, cd- ja ck-standardeja, joista kaksi ensimmäistä tukevat 25 gigabitin, kolmas 50 gigabitin maksimikaistaa. Ck-variantti kaksinkertaistaa tiedonsiirtonopeuden edelleen 100 gigabittiin linjaa kohti.
https://www.rohde-schwarz.com/fi/products/test-and-measurement/vna-software/rs-znrun-vector-network-analyzer-automation-suite_63493-109824.html
Tomi Engdahl says:
Uutta nopeaa wifiä voi nyt OTA-testata
https://etn.fi/index.php/13-news/13394-uutta-nopeaa-wifiae-voi-nyt-ota-testata
Microwave Vision Group (MVG) ja Anritsu Corporation ovat julkaisseet uuden mittausratkaisun, joka tukee uudella 6 gigahertsin alueella toimivien wifi-laitteiden testausta ilmateitse eli OTA-mittauksilla. Ratkaisussa on yhdistetty MVG:n monianturijärjestelmän ja Anritsun MT8862A-testeri.
IEEE 802.11ax -standardin 6 gigahertsin taajuus on ensimmäinen uusi taajuusalue lähiverkkoyhteyksiin noin 20 vuoteen. Lisensoimattomana kaistana sillä saadaan käyttöön jopa 1200 megahertsiä uutta kaistaa aina 7,125 gigahertsiin asti 160 megahertsin levyisillä kanavilla. 6E-taajuusalueen käyttö alkoi Yhdysvalloissa ja leviää nyt nopeasti kaikkialla. Suomessa taajuudet vapautettiin wifikäyttöön joulukuussa.
Tuotteen RF-suorituskyvyn laadun varmistaminen on uusi haaste 6 GHz:n kaistan tehokkaassa käytössä.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Loren Grush / The Verge:
Amazon’s Project Kuiper books 83 satellite launches over five years to deploy most of its 3,236 satellites, which will beam internet to earth — The subsidiary is partnering with Arianespace, ULA, and Blue Origin — Project Kuiper — Amazon’s planned internet-from-space initiative …
Amazon’s Project Kuiper books up to 83 rockets to launch its internet-beaming satellites
https://www.theverge.com/2022/4/5/23010245/amazon-project-kuiper-megaconstellation-arianespace-ula-blue-origin?scrolla=5eb6d68b7fedc32c19ef33b4
The subsidiary is partnering with Arianespace, ULA, and Blue Origin
Project Kuiper — Amazon’s planned internet-from-space initiative — announced today that it has booked dozens of new launches on three different rockets to get its future satellites into orbit. The satellites will fly on powerful rockets currently being developed by European launch provider Arianespace, US-based United Launch Alliance, and Blue Origin — Amazon founder Jeff Bezos’ space company.
The combined flights — up to 83 launches total — are set to take place over a five-year period and will allow Project Kuiper to launch the bulk of its planned constellation of 3,236 satellites. Amazon did not provide details on how much the launch contracts cost, but the company is investing billions of dollars across the three deals, according to James Watkins, a spokesperson for Project Kuiper. Amazon also claimed that the deal “is the largest commercial procurement of launch vehicles in history.”
Amazon says it’s “the largest commercial procurement of launch vehicles in history”
The concept is fairly similar to SpaceX’s ever-growing Starlink program — a planned constellation of tens of thousands of satellites also designed to provide broadband internet from low Earth orbit. However, Starlink is already quite a few years ahead of Project Kuiper. So far, SpaceX has launched more than 2,000 satellites into orbit and has begun limited service around the world, with 250,000 subscribers tapped into the system so far, according to SpaceX. Project Kuiper has yet to launch any of its satellites.
First, Amazon needs to launch its prototypes with ABL. After that, the company will tweak the design of its final satellites before launching them in batches. Amazon won’t say which order of rockets it will use, but now the company has potentially more than 90 different launches to choose from.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Automated Test Solution for High-Speed Ethernet Cables
Automation software from Rohde & Schwarz enables conformance tests of high-speed cables and backplanes according to the IEEE 802.3bj, by, cd, and ck standards. The R&S ZNrun Vector Network Analyzer Automation Suite controls a vector network analyzer and a switching solution for automated testing of high-speed Ethernet cables. IEEE 802.3bj and IEEE 802.3by provide data rates of 25 Gbps per path and IEEE 802.3cd covers up to 50 Gbps per path.
The solution automates the measurements, post-processing of results for Channel Operating Margin (COM) and Effective Return Loss (ERL) compliance metrics to describe channel behavior, analysis of pass/fail results and safety margins, and generation of the audit trail. The R&S ZNrun-K411 Software option is already prepared for cable testing according to Ethernet standard IEEE 802.3ck , which specifies data rates of 800 Gbps for 800GBASE CR8 configurations.
https://www.mwrf.com/technologies/systems/media-gallery/21237853/microwaves-rf-products-of-the-week-april-1-2022?utm_source=RF+MWRF+Today&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=CPS220401027&o_eid=7211D2691390C9R&rdx.ident%5Bpull%5D=omeda%7C7211D2691390C9R&oly_enc_id=7211D2691390C9R&id=21237853&slide=1
Tomi Engdahl says:
French court pulls SpaceX’s Starlink license https://www.theregister.com/2022/04/06/starlink_france_license/
France’s Conseil d’Etat court is revoking the license [PDF] authorizing Elon Musk’s Starlink outfit to use two frequency bands to provide satellite internet in France. SpaceX reportedly has only one ground station left in France, in Villenave-d’Ornon, Girond. The other two Gateways which were authorized between July and December 2020 came up against local opposition. Villagers voiced concerns that the ground network gateways would affect cattle, despite assurances from the country’s own ANFR (National Frequency Agency) that it is perfectly safe and far below the regulatory limit value. According to the decision (handed down yesterday, and translated from French), the associations PRIARTEM and Agir pour l’environnement had requested an annulment of the spectrum use. The rights groups were granted this, the ruling said, because of a lack of public consultation.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Rakuten Mobile and Nokia prove case for 1 Terabit per channel transmission in live network
https://corp.mobile.rakuten.co.jp/english/news/press/2022/0330_01/
- Successful trial connects data centers located in the Kanto region; Trial demonstrates the capability to quickly and easily scale network capacity and efficiency over existing Nokia open optical line system infrastructure.
Tokyo, Japan and Espoo, Finland, March 30, 2022 – Rakuten Mobile, Inc. and Nokia today announced that the two companies have demonstrated the first live 1 Tb/s per channel transmission over Rakuten Mobile’s commercial Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexer (DWDM) network, a speed increase of 500% on Rakuten Mobile’s existing network running at 200 Gb/s. The trial took place over two days in January 2022 and connected data centers located 135 km apart in the Kanto region in Japan.
The 1 Tb/s speed was achieved using coherent transmission powered by Nokia’s Photonic Service Engine (PSE) supporting 1 Tb/s capacity over a 150 GHz optical spectrum. The trial demonstrated the ability to deliver 32 Tb/s per fiber in C-band which can be expanded to 64 Tbps by adding L-band over a Nokia DWDM line system used in Rakuten Mobile’s optical network, vital to providing maximum capacity for the ever-increasing data demands and to support the latest generations of routers delivering 800 Gb/s Ethernet.
The Open Line System field trial, over Rakuten Mobile’s existing commercial network, used Nokia’s Photonic Service Engine inhouse Digital Signal Processor (DSP), a compact, high capacity, modular optical networking platform, optimized for Data Center Interconnect (DCI) applications over metro, regional and long haul.
Tomi Engdahl says:
400G/800G Ethernet Validation Platforms Seed Cloud-Infrastructure Evolution
March 30, 2022
Spirent’s 400G and 800G test platforms validate the cloud’s Ethernet backbone, ensuring support for the massive capacity demands of today and tomorrow.
https://www.mwrf.com/technologies/test-measurement/article/21237670/microwaves-rf-400g800g-ethernet-validation-platforms-seed-cloudinfrastructure-evolution?utm_source=RF+MWRF+Today&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=CPS220401028&o_eid=7211D2691390C9R&rdx.ident%5Bpull%5D=omeda%7C7211D2691390C9R&oly_enc_id=7211D2691390C9R
Spirent’s latest 400G and 800G test platforms help accelerate the design and development of new-generation high-speed Ethernet technologies. With these platforms, service providers and hyperscale data centers can ensure their 400G infrastructure meets current data-growth needs while preparing for 800G as the future workhorse of the cloud’s backbone.
Who Needs It and Why?
100G (100 Gb/s) Ethernet has had a good run as the backbone technology behind the cloud, but the industry is moving on. It has no choice, really, given the exploding demand for bandwidth in the 5G/mmWave era that’s now upon us. Many service providers and data centers, for various reasons, skipped over 400G Ethernet implementations and are looking toward 800G Ethernet for their next network transport overhaul. Adoption of 400G is still happening, but the growth of 800G will eclipse it before long.
Tomi Engdahl says:
EMI and New-Generation mGig Ethernet Links
July 9, 2021
Handling electromagnetic interference with high-speed Ethernet links is critical to proper operation.
https://www.mwrf.com/technologies/test-measurement/article/21169323/marvell-technology-emi-and-newgeneration-mgig-ethernet-links
What you’ll learn:
What is mGig?
Why is EMI such a threat to mGig transceivers?
The three algorithms that can help mitigate EMI.
In the past, enterprise networks used 1000BASE-T Ethernet at the access layer for 1 Gb/s connectivity. But the advent of Wi-Fi 6 (IEEE 802.11ax) wireless access points has triggered a dire need for faster uplink rates between those access points and wiring closet switches. Other data-intensive use cases for enterprise campuses, university research, medical imaging, CAD/CAM, and media editing also require networking rates faster than 1 Gb/s.
As a result, the IEEE specified a new transceiver technology under the auspices of the 802.3bz standard, which addresses these needs. The industry adopted the nickname “mGig,” or multi-Gigabit, to designate those physical-layer (PHY) devices that conform to 802.3bz (capable of 2.5 Gb/s and 5 Gb/s) and 802.3an (10 Gb/s).
The proliferation of mGig transceivers, which provide Ethernet connectivity with data rates beyond 1 Gb/s over unshielded copper wires, has brought with it a new danger: interference from radio-frequency emitters that can distort and degrade data-transmission fidelity. Why? Because unshielded cable acts as a giant antenna, picking up all sorts of stray electromagnetic interference (EMI).
EMI Mitigation—Why?
Enterprise Ethernet cables are typically Cat5e or Cat6 cables that contain four twisted-wire pairs encapsulated by plastic cladding. Higher-grade cables found in enterprise data centers, so-called Cat6a cables, are specified to higher bandwidth but are essentially similar in construction.
The key characteristic of all those cable types is that they’re unshielded and, as such, susceptible to EMI from a variety of RF emitters. Structured wiring rules allow for the installation of lengths of up to 100 meters of such cables. And, indeed, IEEE-compliant Ethernet transceivers are specified to support such lengths. But long rungs of such unshielded cable essentially form an antenna-like structure that picks up RF energy.
Pick-up of these interfering signals causes bit errors in Ethernet transmission and results in errored Ethernet packets. Some protocols are tolerant of such packet errors, as higher layers of the communications stack can detect and retransmit errored packets. But for many more modern applications, such as video or audio transmission, clock distribution, or preemptive packets with a high QoS priority, there’s no time to retransmit errored packets—and the result is more noticeable and potentially catastrophic.
One piece of good news is that many common RF emitters, such as cellular telephones, Bluetooth transmitters, Wi-Fi routers, and microwave ovens, emit frequencies that are in the 2- to 5-GHz range. Therefore, they fall outside of the mGig band of interest (0 to 400 MHz). But some RF emitters transmit directly in that band. Emitters such as FRS radios (walkie-talkies), AM and FM radio, TV, amateur-band (ham) radios, and police and taxicab radios are but a few examples.
In recognition of the hazard that EMI can unleash on Ethernet networks, the electronics industry has come up with a few documented, standardized tests that Ethernet networking equipment can be measured against to quantify their EMI susceptibility. The relevant EMI tests are:
Telcordia GR1089
IEC 61000-4-3 CISPR 24 for Radiated Susceptibility
IEC 61000-4-6 CISPR 24 for Conducted Susceptibility
Field strengths between 3 and 10 V/m are typically used in EMI test chambers. However, tests up to 6 V/m are sufficient for the lab-bench tests due to the proximity of the RF emitter to the cable under test.
To contend with the problem of narrowband electromagnetic interference in Ethernet transmission systems employing unshielded twisted-pair cable, three types of EMI mitigation algorithms have been developed. These are typically implemented inside of the Ethernet transceiver silicon by using the device DSP engine.
The first of these algorithms, standardized by the IEEE under the auspices of the 802.3az working group, is called “Fast Retrain.” In this scheme, the link partner receiver is responsible for identifying the RF interferer. It then sends the interferer frequency information to the transmitter on the other side of the link. The transmitter, in turn, places a notch filter in transmit path, thereby eliminating transmission in the band dominated by the source of interference. Several such notch filters can be placed simultaneously to contend with a multiplicity of RF sources. The response time of this algorithm is in the 30-ms range.
Cisco Systems also created a similar algorithm it calls “Negotiated Fast Retrain,” and it’s published in the company’s ENG-977716 bulletin. The algorithm works on the same principles described for the IEEE standardized Fast Retrain scheme, but it has a response time between 30 and 200 ms depending on the link partner.
A third type of EMI mitigation system is called Common Mode Sense (CMS). The interesting property of this algorithm is that it only relies on the receiver electronics and doesn’t necessarily require cooperation with the link partner.
In the CMS scheme, the interfering signal, which is presented as a common-mode voltage on the link, is digitized, with a dedicated analog-to-digital converter (ADC) inside the transceiver silicon. Then it’s arithmetically subtracted from the incoming Ethernet signal using the transceiver’s DSP engine. Because this system doesn’t require communication between the two ends of the link, response times are relatively fast—on the order of 10 µs.
How Do These Algorithms Stack Up?
Comparing the effectiveness of these algorithms results in a predictable conclusion: Response speed is critical to maintaining a low packet-loss rate.
Note that the utilization of the CMS algorithm doesn’t preclude the use of the Fast Retrain algorithm as well. In fact, the CMS scheme is so fast, it can react during the time the Fast Retrain algorithm is being set up. And, in reality, modern implementations use both to enhance the device robustness to EMI.
Conclusion
mGig transceivers fill a growing requirement for higher-speed networking using incumbent unshielded twisted-pair copper cabling. However, their utilization of wider bandwidth and inherent noise sensitivity increases their susceptibility to interference from electromagnetic emitters. DSP-based mitigation algorithms, and the Common Mode Sense algorithm in particular, offer an effective technique to mitigate such susceptibility. They allow for error-free transmission in today’s modern enterprise, data center, and access networks.
Tomi Engdahl says:
A Quick Stroll Through 70 Years of Communications
March 22, 2022
A plethora of communication options have emerged over the last seven decades, from parallel buses to LPWANs.
https://www.electronicdesign.com/technologies/communications/article/21235514/electronic-design-a-quick-stroll-through-70-years-of-communications?utm_source=EG+ED+Connected+Solutions&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=CPS220405162&o_eid=7211D2691390C9R&rdx.ident%5Bpull%5D=omeda%7C7211D2691390C9R&oly_enc_id=7211D2691390C9R
Processors and memory have changed radically over the past 70 years, but the variability of those areas doesn’t hold a candle to communications technology. I obviously can’t do it justice in such a short article, but I did want to highlight some of the major changes in wired and wireless communication.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Sähköverkkodata tuli teollisuuteen
https://etn.fi/index.php/13-news/13402-saehkoeverkkodata-tuli-teollisuuteen
HomeGrid Forum on järjestö, joka sertifioi datan siirtoon sähköverkossa käytettyjä G.hn-laitteita. Nyt järjstö kertoo sertifioineensa ensimmäisen teollisuuden IoT-sovelluksiin tarkoitetun sulautetun G.hn-moduulin. Moduulista vastaa saksalainen Teleconnect. GHN.SOM.PLC-moduuli on tehokas, pienikokoinen moduuli, oka voidaan asentaa yrityksen verkkoon jälkiasennuksena. Sen avulla voidaan toteuttaa MIMO-pohjainen teollisuuden G.hn-verkko sähkölinjoja pitkin.
- Koneiden välinen viestintä ja prosessiautomaatio edellyttävät enemmän kuin koskaan vakaata, kestävää ja nopeaa liitettävyyttä toimiakseen ja työskennelläkseen tehokkaasti ilman seisokkeja. Tuottavuuden, tehokkuuden ja turvallisuuden saavuttamisen on nojattava vahvasti ketterään ohjaukseen, itsekorjautuviin ominaisuuksiin ja teollisuuslaitteiden reaaliaikaiseen synkronointiin, sanoo HomeGrid Forumin puheenjohtaja Livia Rosu.
https://homegridforum.org/solutions/
Tomi Engdahl says:
Renesas tuo uuden wifin teollisuuden laitteisiin
https://etn.fi/index.php/13-news/13401-renesas-tuo-uuden-wifin-teollisuuden-laitteisiin
Vuosi sitten sertifioitu Wi-Fi 6E -tekniikka on suunniteltu käyttämään 6 gigahertsin taajuutta yhdessä nykyisten 2,4:n ja 5 gigahertsin taajuuksien kanssa. Renesas aikoo hyödyntää uutta, nopeampaa wifiä teollisuuden piirisarjoissaan.
Nyt Renesas esittelee ratkaisuja, joissa Celenon radioita on liitetty sen omiin piiriratkaisuihin. Teollisuuden yhdyskäytävä on tästä hyvä esimerkki. Kyse on 8-ytimisestä (4 x Arm Cortex-A57 + 4 x Arm Cortex-A53), joka tukee laajasti teollisuuden liitäntöjä. Nyt alustaan on lisätty Celenon 6E-moduuli.
Toinen esimerkki on tuotantolinjoille tuotava optisen tarkastuksen ratkaisu, johon on lisätty Celenon WiFi5-moduuli. Se on tarkoitettu laitevalmistajille, jotka haluavat yhdistää testilaitteensa verkkoon 5 gigahertsin wifi-linkillä.
6E-linkeissä on testeissä päästy yli kahden gigabitin vakaisiin datanopeuksiin. Datanopeuden kasvu tulee suoraan siitä, että käytettävissä oleva taajuuskaista kasvaa niin merkittävästi. Alkuperäisellä 2,4 gigahertsin alueella wifin käytössä on 20 megahertsin kaista, ja 5 gigahertsissä saatiin 80 megahertsiä lisää taajuutta. WiFi 6E tuo käyttöön peräti 160 megahertsin kaistan. Verkon kantama on toki 6 gigahertsissä hieman pienempi kuin 2,4 gigahertsissä
Tomi Engdahl says:
Retrotechtacular: The Transatlantic Radiotelephone System Of The 1930s
https://hackaday.com/2022/04/02/retrotechtacular-the-transatlantic-radiotelephone-system-of-the-1930s/
With the web of undersea cables lacing the continents together now, it’s hard to imagine that it wasn’t until 1956 that the first transatlantic telephone cable was laid. Sure, there were telegraph cables under the Atlantic starting as early as the late 1800s, but getting your voice across the ocean on copper was a long time coming. So what was the discerning 1930s gentleman of business to do when only a voice call would do? He’d have used a radiotelephone, probably at an outrageous expense, which as this video on the receiving end of the New York to London radio connection shows, was probably entirely justified.
The Ultimate DX SSB Receiving Station – In 1938!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-z5O1LHEFlc