5G? IoT? Fiber Deep? 600G? We Are ready for networking at 2019!
For years we have all been talking about the emergence of 5G services, the Internet of Things (IoT) and the new high-capacity, low-latency network architectures that will be needed to support the resulting onslaught of bandwidth. Higher-speed data rates are critical to electronic evolution and revolution.
Here are some of my collection of newest trends and predictions for year 2018. have picked and mixed here quotations from many articles (linked to source) with some of my own additions to make this posting.
5G: The most newsworthy stories in wireless today are all about 5G. In 2019, we enter a cautious, early-adoption phase of this next generation of wireless technology. 2019 will be the year when we see the first commercial networks turning on and first handsets arriving in the market. Only a small number of users will get a first taste of 5G in specific geographic locations, using specific applications, none of which are ubiquitous or cost-optimized. For more details read my 5G trends for 2019 posting.
Deep fiber: Deep deployment of fiber optics into national network infrastructure might not be as glamorous as the eagerly anticipated launch of fifth-generation mobile networks (5G); however, it is just as important—maybe even more important. Wired broadband access supports as much as 90 percent of all internet traffic even though the majority of traffic ultimately terminates on a wireless device. Wireline and wireless networks are driving new architectures to support the move from 4G LTE to 5G infrastructure. In fact, 5G relies heavily on fiber infrastructure. Service providers in the access market are talking about the evolution of their plants to a Fiber Deep (FD) Architecture. FD architectures move the optical node (the optical-to-electrical conversion point) deeper into the network and closer to the subscriber. This means shorter copper, faster speed, more capacity and reduction in maintenance cost for both cable TV network and telephone line based access networks.
Ethernet: Faster Ethernet speeds are taken to use. These transitions are driven by the increasing global IP traffic. Hyper-scalers and service providers are moving from 100GbE to 400GbE Ethernet rates and beyond. In this speed development 56Gb/s And 112Gb/s SerDes Matter.
TSN: Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) is a set of standards under development by the Time-Sensitive Networking task group of the IEEE 802.1 working group. TSN standards documents that are specified by IEEE 802.1 can be grouped into three basic key component categories that are time synchronization; scheduling and traffic shaping; selection of communication paths, path reservations and fault-tolerance. Industrial Ethernet networks embrace time-sensitive networking (TSN) technology to integrate operational technology (OT) and information technology (IT).
SDN: Software-defined networking (SDN) technology is an approach to cloud computing that facilitates network management and enables programmatically efficient network configuration in order to improve network performance and monitoring. SD-WAN applies similar technology to a wide area network (WAN). SD-WAN allows companies to build higher-performance WANs using lower-cost and commercially available Internet access, enabling businesses to partially or wholly replace more expensive private WAN connection technologies such as MPLS.
IPv6: IPv4 and IPv6 are the two Protocols Run the Internet in 2019. The long-forecasted day the internet runs out of addresses has arrived and it marks a paradigm shift in the internet’s evolution. Though IPv6 has been available globally since 2012, it has seen a slow, if increasing, adoption rate. The migration to IPv6 is inevitable but will take time during that both systems are in use. In many networks a notable amount of traffic is already IPv6.
New Internet protocols: Internet security gets a boost with TLS 1.3. Also HTTP is in process of switching to a protocol layered on top of UDP. Today’s HTTP (versions 1.0, 1.1, and 2) are all layered on top of TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) that is not very optimal in today’s applications as SSL over TCP requires subsequent round trips to establish the encrypted connection.
IoT: The IoT world is here, and the level and rate of convergence is increasing in volume and velocity. We will see the evolution of converged networks for IoT applications in mind. Network convergence (version 2.0) is here with changes and improvements made since the first converged network (Convergence 1.0). TIA TR-42 (Telecommunications Cabling Systems ANSI/TIA-568 family), BICSI (TDMM and others) and proprietary or third documents must adapt and adjust.
PoE: The IEEE 802.3bt standard, approved by the IEEE Standards Association Board on September 27, 2018, included some significant enhancements especially for LED lighting systems. This specification allows for up to 90W of delivered power for cable lengths of up to 100m through the use of all four pairs of wires.
Trade wars: It seem that there is a high tech “trade war” between USA and China. It affects specifically networking business. Big Chinese manufacturers Huawei and ZTE are have received sanctions and their products are not wanted by many countries citing their business practices and potential security nightmares. For example Japan to halt buying Huawei, ZTE equipment and Huawei has been under fire in UK, just to mention examples. It seems that the business that is lost by Huawei and ZTE could benefit Ericsson and Nokia in the 5G base station markets for short term.
Security: The internet is going to hell and its creators want your help fixing it. All agree on one thing however: Right now there is a serious battle for heart and minds, the future of the internet and global society itself. There seems to be need for a conference to address the fact that people increasingly see tech as a threat and no longer as a pure force for good. Government set to revise internal rules on procurement to protect national cybersecurity. Your DNS might be broken, and you don’t even know it. Some DNS old hacks gets thrown out of use by February 1st, 2019.
WiFi: WiFi technology gets new marketing naming. The numerical sequence includes: Wi-Fi 6 to identify devices that support 802.11ax technology, Wi-Fi 5 to identify devices that support 802.11ac technology, Wi-Fi 4 to identify devices that support 802.11n technology.
Faster mobile: Mobile networks are getting faster in many countries. Mobile networks are killing Wi-Fi for speed around the world. Average data speeds on mobile networks now outpace customer’s Wi-Fi connection, on average, in 33 countries. That’s the The State of Wifi vs Mobile Network Experience as 5G Arrives.
Energy efficiency: We need to develop more energy efficient networking technologies. Today, information and communication technologies globally consume 8% of electricity and doubles every year.
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Tomi Engdahl says:
Sorry, Your Internet Connection Is Slow
https://hackaday.com/2022/06/04/sorry-your-internet-connection-is-slow/
How fast is your Internet connection? The days of 56K modems are — thankfully — long gone for most of us. But before you get too smug with your gigabit fiber connection, have a look at what researchers from the Network Research Institute in Japan have accomplished. Using a standard diameter fiber, they’ve moved data at a rate of 1 petabit per second.
The standard fiber has four spatial channels in one cladding. Using wavelength division multiplexing, the researchers deployed a total of 801 channels with a bandwidth over 20 THz. The fiber distance was over 50 km, so this wasn’t just from one side of a lab to another. Well if you look at the pictures perhaps it was, but with big spools of fiber between the two lab benches. The project uses three distinct bands for data transmission with 335 channels in the S-band, 200 channels in the C-band, and 266 channels in the L-band
World’s First Successful Transmission of 1 Petabit per Second in a Standard Cladding Diameter Multi-core Fiber
- Wide-band wavelength division multiplexing technology significantly expands transmission capacity allowing Pb/s transmission in only 4 spatial channels -
https://www.nict.go.jp/en/press/2022/05/30-1.html
Highlights
1 petabit per second transmission capacity demonstrated in a standard cladding diameter fiber using only 4 spatial channels
Wide-band wavelength division multiplexing technology enabled 801 parallel wavelength channels over a record 20 THz optical bandwidth
The demonstration is a major step toward the realization of ultra-high-throughput optical links with standard cladding diameter fibers compatible with existing cabling technologies for near-term adoption
Tomi Engdahl says:
A Preview of 10G Enabling Technologies
https://broadbandlibrary.com/a-preview-of-10g-enabling-technologies/
In 2019, the cable industry announced the 10G Initiative to bring 10 Gbps into customers’ homes. Once it gets to customers’ homes, how will it be distributed throughout the home? This article covers four of the technologies which are capable of delivering 10 Gbps within a customer’s home. Note that most of the technologies called out in this article are not currently available but are anticipated to be available when 10G is available to a home customer.
10G data delivery candidates
There are four candidates covered in this article that can meet 10 Gbps in a consumer home environment:
Ethernet 10GBase-T
MoCA 3.0
hn2 (coax)
Wi-Fi 7
For 10G delivery within the home, it is suggested that Ethernet 10GBase-T, MoCA 3.0, or G.hn2 (coax) be used for hardwire delivery of the 10 Gbps data within the home to Wi-Fi 7 access points (APs).
The Ethernet 10GBase-T implementation is based on the IEEE 802.3an standard. It utilizes Cat 6 cable for runs up to 55 meters and Cat 6a for runs up to 100 meters. Ethernet utilizes a point-to-point connection which can require an Ethernet switch for multipoint deployments.
The MoCA 3.0 specification was developed by the Multimedia over Coax Alliance (MoCA). MoCA 3 is capable of delivering 10 Gbps over common coaxial cable (e.g., Series 6). It utilizes mesh technology, supports encryption on the cable, and supports distances up to 100 meters.
The G.hn2 specification was developed by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). The physical layer is capable of supporting 10 Gbps over coax. It utilizes mesh technology, supports encryption on the cable, and supports distances up to 100 meters.
Wi-Fi 7 is based on the IEEE 802.11be, currently under development. It utilizes the 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 6 GHz ISM bands with a channel size of up to 320 MHz and modulation up to 4096-QAM OFDMA.
Home architecture overview
Based on the premise that the requirement is to deliver 10 Gbps with Wi-Fi throughout the entire home, a proposed architecture is to hardwire connections from the access device (either HFC or fiber) to the Wi-Fi 7 APs. These hardwire connections would be either Ethernet 10GBase-T, MoCA 3, or G.hn2.
Ethernet 10GBase-T
Ethernet 10GBase-T is a well understood technology with multiple suppliers. It is compatible with other Ethernet technologies so it can be deployed at this time.
MoCA 3.0
The MoCA 3.0 specification is released but is not currently available in silicon. However, it is expected that silicon will be available in the future when 10G is deployed to homes. MoCA 3.0 supports up to 10 Gbps over coax. Note that in order to achieve 10 Gbps, the entire coax RF spectrum is utilized so therefore the coax cannot be used with any other signals. If less than 10 Gbps is utilized, then the RF spectrum could be shared. For example, the current MoCA 2.5 Gbps devices utilize frequencies above 1 GHz to achieve 2.5 Gbps, thereby allowing normal cable signals below 1 GHz.
The advantage for cable operators is that it can work on existing wired coax so no rewiring is required, thereby greatly reducing installation costs. Additionally, it is backwards compatible with MoCA 2.0 and MoCA 2.5, so it can be deployed prior to 10G availability in the outside plant.
Due to the isolation requirements for MoCA and DOCSIS to minimize interference, a two-box solution is preferred for HFC. This separates the home network from the outside plant. Additionally, this allows for the same home network architecture regardless of whether HFC or fiber is used for the access to the home.
G.hn2 (Coax)
The G.hn2 specification is released but is not currently available in silicon. However, it is expected that silicon will be available in the future when 10G is deployed to homes. G.hn2 supports up to 10 Gbps over coax. Note that in order to achieve 10 Gbps, the entire coax RF spectrum is utilized so therefore the coax cannot be used with any other signals.
The advantage for cable operators is the same as for MoCA, that is, it can work on existing wired coax so no rewiring is required. Additionally, same as MoCA, the data can be encrypted.
G.hn2 also shares the same disadvantage in that unless it is built into a device, then a separate G.hn2-Ethernet bridge unit will be required.
As with MoCA, the same isolation requirements exist for G.hn2 and DOCSIS. In order to minimize interference, a two-box solution is preferred for HFC.
Wi-Fi 7
The final connection to devices in the home is typically Wi-Fi. Wi-Fi 7 is currently under development as IEEE 802.11be and the specification should be ready by 2024. It will provide up to 46 Gbps under ideal conditions, including a 320 MHz channel. It is backwards compatible with Wi-Fi 6 and Wi-Fi 5.
Wi-Fi 7 will be utilizing WPA3 for encrypting the signals. Therefore, the connection of devices to the Wi-Fi network will not change from current mechanisms.
Summary
Cable operators need to start thinking about how they will distribute the 10 Gbps signal through the home network once 10 Gbps technology is available and offered as a service. If they desire to use Ethernet, then the use of coax in homes should be switched over to Ethernet. If they desire to utilize the existing wiring and continue to use coax, then they need to plan on utilizing MoCA 3.0 or G.hn2, and to start deploying it as soon as the desired technology is available. When Wi-Fi 7 is used for communication, multiple APs will be required to provide the desired speeds throughout the premises. With enough foresight and planning, this can be accomplished such that customers will be happy with the 10G data service.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Mold Workshop – RJ45 Ethernet Cable and Connector Manufacturer
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QPqGb8P-_1I
rj45 patch cord plastic injection molding machine 25tons
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KF4uLeNQ7jY
Tomi Engdahl says:
China rebrands proposal on internet governance, targeting developing countries
https://www.euractiv.com/section/digital/news/china-rebrands-proposal-on-internet-governance-targeting-developing-countries/
The Chinese government made another attempt in promoting its vision of the internet, in a repackaging intended to lure lagging regions.
Throughout the years, China has made several attempts at changing the current internet architecture, mostly in the context of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the United Nation’s agency for ICT technologies.
Contrarily to other standardisation organisations that are dominated by private companies, in ITU governments play a leading role. Thus, Beijing has been using this forum to attract countries that might have similar interests in asserting stronger governmental control over the internet.
In September 2019, the delegate of Chinese telecom juggernaut Huawei presented a proposal for a new IP (Internet Protocol). In February, EURACTIV anticipated that more proposals were expected in the context of the World Telecommunication Standardisation Assembly.
Tomi Engdahl says:
WiFistä tuli SaaS-palvelu
https://etn.fi/index.php/13-news/13703-wifistae-tuli-saas-palvelu
Moni operaattori tarjoaa wifi-yhteyksiä mobiiliverkkonsa tueksi, mutta tämä tarkoittaa ylläpitoon lisää rasitteita. Enea tarjoaa operaattoreille ensimmäisenä markkinoilla wifi-verkkoa pilvipohjaisena SaaS-palveluna.
Enean tuote on nimeltään Aptilo Wi-Fi Service Management Platform as a Service eli SMP-S. Jokaisen asiakkaan verkkokokonaisuutta ajetaan Amazonin pilvipalvelussa omana instanssinaan. Jokaisella operaattorilla on itsenäinen, suojattu palvelu, joka voidaan ottaa käyttöön myös hybridipalveluna olemassa olevan wifi-palvelunhallintaohjelmiston parantamiseksi.
Enean mukaan yksi Euroopan johtavista matkapuhelinoperaattoreista on jo ottanut käyttöön ratkaisun käyttäjien turvalliseen todentamiseen SIM-korttien tunnistetietojen avulla. Enea ei kerro operaattorin nimeä, mutta kyse on ”tason 1” operaattorista.
Uusi SMP-S sisältää kaikki perinteisen wifi-palvelunhallinnan ominaisuudet, mukaan lukien useiden vuokrasopimusten yritysten välinen tuki (B2B). Näin operaattorit voivat myydä hallittuja wifi-palveluita organisaatioille, kuten tapahtumapaikkojen omistajille ja yrityksille. Organisaatiot voivat valita useista kirjautumistavoista vierailijoiden ohjaamiseksi palveluunsa, mukaan lukien sosiaalisen median tilit, Office 365, kyselyt ja verkkomaksut.
Operaattorit voivat lisätä ylimääräisen suojatun SSID:n (802.1x) jokaiseen tukiasemaan ja yhdistää tämän mobiiliverkkoon SIM-todennusta tukevan turvallisuuden takaamiseksi.
Tomi Engdahl says:
There are three types of fiber optic cable commonly used: single mode, multimode and plastic optical fiber (POF).
Tomi Engdahl says:
What’s Behind the Rise of Private Cellular Networks?
May 30, 2022
Private cellular networks offer many advantages compared to other private network solutions such as LoRaWAN and Wi-Fi.
https://www.electronicdesign.com/technologies/communications/video/21241777/electronic-design-whats-behind-the-rise-of-private-cellular-networks?utm_source=EG+ED+Connected+Solutions&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=CPS220606004&o_eid=7211D2691390C9R&rdx.ident%5Bpull%5D=omeda%7C7211D2691390C9R&oly_enc_id=7211D2691390C9R
What you’ll learn
What is a private cellular network?
Where are private cellular networks used?
How to get starting building a private cellular network.
Can private and public cellular networks coexist?
Cellular technology offers many features such as low latency and high throughput. In the private space, the Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS), also known as private cellular, brings these features to companies that might otherwise deploy technologies like Wi-Fi (Fig. 1). There are advantages to all of these wireless technologies, and many companies and environments can benefit from more than one.
Cellular network service providers normally employ licensed spectrum for their offerings
Deploying a cellular network tends to be more expensive than some alternatives because of the hardware involved and the coverage that’s necessary. It may also include sublicensing spectrum depending on details like the area of deployment. The cost may actually be lower as this also depends on the bandwidth and latency required for an application.
The technology employed with private cellular networks is essentially the same as for providers of licensed spectrum. It’s also possible for end nodes to support private as well as public cellular networks switching between them as necessary. A typical scenario might be trucks that operate within a company’s property with a switch to a public network as a vehicle leaves this area.
Private cellular planning and deployment is similar to deploying a large Wi-Fi network, but the considerations and details tend to be different. Likewise, companies and developers need to examine the advantages and tradeoffs of private cellular networks to make sure they meet the needs of a particular application.
Tomi Engdahl says:
System Connectivity is Crucial to Functionality, Reliability, and Safety
May 3, 2022
The expanding world of advanced electronic systems places even more importance on the connections between them, especially the hard wiring.
https://www.electronicdesign.com/industrial-automation/article/21239724/electronic-design-system-connectivity-is-crucial-to-functionality-reliability-and-safety
What you’ll learn:
The importance of connectivity.
How connectivity issues can impact performance, reliability, and safety.
Things to look for in a connectivity solution.
In our advanced, connected, electronically oriented society, device-based solutions are penetrating more application spaces than ever. This expansion places hardware systems into extreme situations that they must be prepared to handle.
Most think that exposing hardware to wet and dirty situations is all they have to worry about when it comes to harsh environments. While that assumption is mostly correct, it’s incomplete. In addition to moisture and dirt, electronic systems intended for use in challenging environments must be able to handle vibration, shock, and thermal situations as well
Tomi Engdahl says:
The Evolution of Ethernet
May 4, 2022
Venerable Ethernet provides the backbone of the internet.
https://www.electronicdesign.com/blogs/altembedded/article/21240842/electronic-design-the-evolution-of-ethernet
Tomi Engdahl says:
Leading LPWAN Technologies
June 6, 2022
This eBook collects together articles on low-power wide-area network—LPWAN—technology, which targets the IoT in an array of smart home/building and industrial applications.
https://www.mwrf.com/technologies/systems/document/21242001/leading-lpwan-technologies?utm_source=RF+MWRF+Today&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=CPS220603026&o_eid=7211D2691390C9R&rdx.ident%5Bpull%5D=omeda%7C7211D2691390C9R&oly_enc_id=7211D2691390C9R
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://www.mwrf.com/technologies/systems/video/21242954/electronic-design-whats-behind-the-rise-of-private-cellular-networks?utm_source=RF+MWRF+Today&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=CPS220603026&o_eid=7211D2691390C9R&rdx.ident%5Bpull%5D=omeda%7C7211D2691390C9R&oly_enc_id=7211D2691390C9R
Tomi Engdahl says:
The Easy Way to Wire RJ45 Ethernet Plugs with Speedy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qBsMmgpHIM
The Speedy way to fit RJ45 connectors to Cat6 ethernet cables.
In this video, we use the TUK contractor-grade ratchet crimp tool and the SPEEDY RJ45 plug with the SPEEDYLOCK Boot. We are using the T568B colour coding.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Broadcom Taps LitePoint for Verification of New Wi-Fi 7 Chipsets
May 26, 2022
LitePoint’s IQxel-MX platform supports Wi-Fi 7′s Multi-Link Operation functionality as well as high-order MIMO testing.
https://www.mwrf.com/technologies/test-measurement/article/21242811/microwaves-rf-broadcom-taps-litepoint-for-verification-of-new-wifi-7-chipsets?utm_source=RF+MWRF+Today&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=CPS220527031&o_eid=7211D2691390C9R&rdx.ident%5Bpull%5D=omeda%7C7211D2691390C9R&oly_enc_id=7211D2691390C9R
To ensure performance and accelerate verification of access points based on its new Wi-Fi 7 chips, Broadcom has chosen LitePoint’s IQxel-MX test platform, which enables comprehensive validation of key new Wi-Fi 7 access point and client features. The validation and verification processes are critical to ensuring high-speed and low-latency communications in support of next-generation applications such as augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR).
For residential and enterprise users, the nascent Wi-Fi 7 (IEEE 802.11be) standard offers higher throughput, reduced latency, and higher reliability. Many key enhancements to the standard make those features possible, including 4096-QAM modulation, extra-wide 320-MHz channels, and flexibility to operate in all three frequency bands.
Multi-Link Operation (MLO) further increases Wi-Fi’s capability to operate in high-density congested environments. It allows access points to schedule transmissions on multiple links to optimize bandwidth, latency, and range.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Rise of the Splice Machines
New and old technology combine to drive pigtailed cassette-based termination
https://www.corning.com/in-building-networks/worldwide/en/home/applications/local-area-networks/knowledge-center/traditional-lan-knowledge-center/rise-of-the-splice-machines.html
Pigtailed Cassettes Resource Center
Learn how to simplify fiber optic fusion splicing.
https://www.corning.com/in-building-networks/worldwide/en/home/applications/local-area-networks/traditional-local-area-networks/pigtailed-cassettes.html
Tomi Engdahl says:
Our Calculators Can Assist You with Your Network Designs.
https://www.corning.com/optical-communications/worldwide/en/home/Resources/system-design-calculators.html
Tomi Engdahl says:
Nokia demosi jo 100 gigabitin optista linkkiä
https://etn.fi/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=13718&via=n&datum=2022-06-14_15:17:52&mottagare=30929
Nokia ilmoittaa, että sen Bell Labs -tutkimusoasto esittelee markkinoiden ensimmäistä 100 gigabitin laajakaistateknologiaa Yhdysvalloissa Fiber Connect 2022 -tapahtumassa tennesseen Nashvillessa. Protossa huomionarvoista on, että siinä käytetään vain yhtä aallonpituutta.
100G PON -teknologian prototyyppi tuottaa 100 Gb/s nopeudet myötävirtaan yhdellä PON-aallonpituudella, jolloin vältytään tarpeelta yhdistää useita, ”hitaampia” aallonpituuksia. Protossa jäljitellään todellisia olosuhteita, mukaan lukien pitkien etäisyyksien kuituyhteyksiä ja tehonjakoa.
Vaikka jopa 25 gigabitin kuitunopeudet ovat mahdollisia olemassa olevilla optisilla teknologioilla, suuremmat nopeudet edellyttävät uusia lähestymistapoja. Fibre Connectissa esillä olevassa prototyypissä Nokia Bell Labs käyttää kehittyneitä digitaalisia signaalinkäsittelytekniikoita (DSP), joita tarvitaan kaikissa yli 25 gigabitin linkeissä. Nashvillen demossa Nokia esittelee ensimmäisenä PON-verkoissa myös joustavia tiedonsiirtonopeuksia, jotka mahdollistavat käytettävissä olevan kapasiteetin tehokkaamman käytön.
Nykyään kuitu pystyy toimittamaan jo 10G ja 25G nopeuksia. 50G tulee saataville tämän vuosikymmenen toisella puoliskolla. Demomme osoittaa, että 100G on jo lähempänä, Vanhastel sanoo.
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://hackaday.com/2022/06/13/ask-hackaday-is-bigger-e-mail-better/
Tomi Engdahl says:
What is Powerline?
Powerline is a great home-network technology, but be warned there are some pretty blatant exaggerations of potential speeds – we explain how it works and why the speeds aren’t all they’re claimed to be
https://www.techadvisor.com/article/726162/what-is-powerline.html
Tomi Engdahl says:
Hollow-Core Fiber Beams a Kilowatt of Laser Power Up to a Kilometer The air-filled optical fiber could reduce latency in communications and improve precision machining
https://spectrum.ieee.org/hollow-core-fiber-carries-1kw-1-km?share_id=7086518
Tomi Engdahl says:
Fiber optic links
https://www.etd.fi/liitintyypit
http://timoteus.net/?p=46
Tomi Engdahl says:
The Best Budget x86 Router! (OpenWRT, pfSense, OPNSense) Fujitsu S920 Review
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uAxe2pAUY50
This $50 thin client from 2015 beats the $200 router that we built in the last video… by a big margin.
Fujitsu S920 paired with a PCIe NIC is a great cheap machine for OpenWRT, OPNSense, IPFire or VyOS!
Tomi Engdahl says:
Broadcast-jakelu on edelleen mobiilia energiatehokkaampaa
https://www.uusiteknologia.fi/2022/06/22/broadcast-jakelu-on-edelleen-energiatehokasta/
Netin yksilöllinen tiedonsiirto kuluttaa selvästi enemmän energiaa kuin perinteinen broadcast-tyyppinen radio- tai televisiojakelu, muistuttaa antenniverkkoa ylläpitävä Digita. Heidän mukaansa on ekoteko katsoa urheilutapahtuma mobiililaitteen sijasta antennitelevisiosta.
Tiedonsiirron sähkönkulutus on viime aikoina ollut julkisen keskustelun aiheena ja aluetta on tutkittu laajalti myös suomalaisissa korkeakouluissa. Aihe on myös tärkeä koko maapallon kannalta, sillä sekä datan että päätelaitteiden kasvava määrä kuluttaa koko ajan enemmän sähköä.
“Mobiiliverkko kuluttaa sitä enemmän sähköä, mitä enemmän verkossa on mobiililaitteita kiinni. Broadcast-verkossa tilanne on toinen – sähkönkulutus ei käytännössä muutu, vaikka lähetysten vastaanottimia olisi kuinka paljon”, kertoo Digitan TV- ja videoliiketoiminnasta vastaava Teppo Ahonen.
Antenniverkkoa operoivan Digitan mukaan audiovisuaaliset sisällöt kannattaisikin jaella edelleen suurille väestömäärille maanpäällisen jakeluverkon eli broadcasting-jakelun kautta. Samaa viestii myös Viime vuonna julkaistu, koko Euroopan kattaneessa lähetyksiin ja striimaamiseen keskittynyt LoCat-energiankulutustutkimus. Henkilökohtaisempi netti voidaan ottaa mobiilisti tai hybridiratkaisujen kautta.
https://thelocatproject.org/
Tomi Engdahl says:
Suomi ei pääse kärkeen nettinopeuksissa
https://etn.fi/index.php/13-news/13740-suomi-ei-paeaese-kaerkeen-nettinopeuksissa
Englantilainen BanklessTimes on laittanut maailman maat paremmuusjärjestykseen nettinopeuksien perusteella. Kärjessä majailee Singapore, jossa käyttäjät lataavat dataa keskimäärin 207,6 megabittiä sekunnissa. Suomi ei päässyt vertailussa kärkimaiden listalle.
Chilessä verkosta valuu dataa 200,01 ja Thaimaassa 189,64 megabittiä sekunnissa. Seuraavina listalla ovat Hongkong (181,7 mbos), Tanska (166,11 mbps), Kiina (162,74 mbps) ja Macao (158,48 mbos). USA on kahdeksasa 151,21 megabitin keskinopeudella.
Edellisvertailussa keskimääräinen nettinopeus on kasvanut eniten Kiinassa.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Can SONiC be the Linux of Networking?
Hear how Dell’s latest open source NOS offers Linux for deployment on any scale
https://www.theregister.com/2022/06/27/can_sonic_be_the_linux/
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://whatismyipaddress.com/ip-lookup
https://whatismyipaddress.com/
Tomi Engdahl says:
Fiber-optic sensor effectively monitors volcanic activity
April 11, 2022
A new system equipped with fiber-optic cables is helping scientists observe volcanic eruptions and other activity for better understanding and predictions of potentially catastrophic events.
Justine Murphy
https://www.laserfocusworld.com/science-research/article/14270707/fiberoptic-sensor-effectively-monitors-volcanic-activity?utm_source=LFW+Fiber+Optics&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=CPS220706041&o_eid=7211D2691390C9R&rdx.ident%5Bpull%5D=omeda%7C7211D2691390C9R&oly_enc_id=7211D2691390C9R
Tomi Engdahl says:
Clever approach turns multimode sapphire optical fibers into single-mode fiber
May 10, 2022
Sapphire fiber Bragg gratings have existed for nearly 20 years, but a new single-mode sapphire fiber Bragg grating enables sensors with greater precision for more applications.
Sally Cole Johnson
https://www.laserfocusworld.com/science-research/article/14276287/clever-approach-turns-multimode-sapphire-optical-fibers-into-singlemode-fiber?utm_source=LFW+Fiber+Optics&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=CPS220706041&o_eid=7211D2691390C9R&rdx.ident%5Bpull%5D=omeda%7C7211D2691390C9R&oly_enc_id=7211D2691390C9R
Sapphire optical fiber can survive very high temperatures up to 2000°C as well as high radiation. It’s flexible and can be made in lengths up to several meters, so there is potential to use it to monitor extreme environments such as jet engines. Until now, a fundamental problem limited its performance: all sapphire fiber was multimode.
University of Oxford researchers in the U.K. developed a novel concept to transform a multimode sapphire fiber into a single-mode fiber by writing an optical waveguide along its length via femtosecond laser.
A fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is a periodic perturbation of the refractive index along the length of an optical fiber. It reflects light at a wavelength known as the Bragg wavelength, which is based on the pitch of perturbation and effective refractive index of the fiber.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Fiber-optic sensing tech strives to move beyond the niche
May 26, 2022
Luís Ferreira, director of optical business at HBK FiberSensing, discusses his storied career with EPIC’s Antonio Raspa.
Antonio Raspa
https://www.laserfocusworld.com/fiber-optics/article/14277239/fiberoptic-sensing-tech-strives-to-move-beyond-the-niche?utm_source=LFW+Fiber+Optics&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=CPS220706041&o_eid=7211D2691390C9R&rdx.ident%5Bpull%5D=omeda%7C7211D2691390C9R&oly_enc_id=7211D2691390C9R
Tomi Engdahl says:
New approach promising for free-space optical communication capacity expansion
June 8, 2022
Orbital angular momentum may hold the key to accommodating higher information bandwidth.
https://www.laserfocusworld.com/science-research/article/14277850/new-approach-promising-for-freespace-optical-communication-capacity-expansion?utm_source=LFW+Fiber+Optics&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=CPS220706041&o_eid=7211D2691390C9R&rdx.ident%5Bpull%5D=omeda%7C7211D2691390C9R&oly_enc_id=7211D2691390C9R
Building on an existing method for supporting optical data channels, work by a multinational team of researchers could address future issues prompted by the growing demand for higher information bandwidth.
Using different orthogonal spatial modes for different transmission channels, mode-division multiplexing (MDM) of independent optical degrees of freedom (DoF) can expand data capacity. Among all spatial modes, beams carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM)—described by Xing Fu, a professor at Tsinghua University (China), as “the component of angular momentum of a light beam that is dependent on the field spatial distribution, not on the polarization”—could, in theory, accommodate infinite orthogonal modes. But putting that to real-world practice is a different story.
“In practice, the OAM modal set alone cannot reach the capacity limit of a communication channel since the beam diverges rapidly as the OAM order enlarges,” Fu says. Alongside fellow Tsinghua professor Qiang Liu, Fu leads new research(published in Light: Science & Applications) into boosting the capacity of optical communications. “To guarantee sufficiently received optical power for data recovery, currently the number of OAM modes that can be practically supported is severely limited to mostly under 20,” Fu adds.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Starlink Satellites Still Dodging Orbital Debris From Russian Missile Test
The debris from the test has forced Starlink satellites to maneuver over 1,700 times.
https://uk.pcmag.com/networking/141345/starlink-satellites-still-dodging-orbital-debris-from-russian-missile-test
Tomi Engdahl says:
The Starlink satellite internet for boats will cost you $5,000 a month
Its hardware will set you back $10,000.
https://www.engadget.com/starlink-maritime-satellite-internet-054320228.html
Tomi Engdahl says:
Radio frequency over glass
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequency_over_glass
In telecommunications, radio frequency over glass (RFoG) is a deep-fiber network design in which the coax portion of the hybrid fiber coax (HFC) network is replaced by a single-fiber passive optical network (PON). Downstream and return-path transmission use different wavelengths to share the same fiber (typically 1550 nm downstream, and 1310 nm or 1590/1610 nm upstream). The return-path wavelength standard is expected to be 1610 nm, but early deployments have used 1590 nm. Using 1590/1610 nm for the return path allows the fiber infrastructure to support both RFoG and a standards-based PON simultaneously, operating with 1490 nm downstream and 1310 nm return-path wavelengths.
RFoG delivers the same services as an RF/DOCSIS/HFC network, with the added benefit of improved noise performance and increased usable RF spectrum in both the downstream and return-path directions. Both RFoG and HFC systems can concurrently operate out of the same headend/hub, making RFoG a good solution for node-splitting and capacity increases on an existing network.
RFoG allows service providers to continue to leverage traditional HFC equipment and back-office applications with the new FTTP deployments.
Both cost savings and increased capacity for new services (revenue generating and/or competitive positioning) are driving the acceptance of RFoG as a cost-effective step on the path towards a 100-percent PON-based access network.
The Society of Cable and Telecommunications Engineers (SCTE) has approved SCTE 174 2010, the standards for RFoG. The standard has been approved by the American National Standard Institute (ANSI).
Tomi Engdahl says:
Laser modulation
https://www.teamwavelength.com/modulation-basics/
https://www.laserglow.com/content/Modulating-Lasers
Tomi Engdahl says:
SpaceX and Dish’s Super-Shady War for the World Or, why three billionaires are girding for battle over spectrum supremacy—and why it matters
https://spectrum.ieee.org/spacex-starlink-dish-network?share_id=7140241
Tomi Engdahl says:
The Hacking of Starlink Terminals Has Begun https://www.wired.com/story/starlink-internet-dish-hack/
SINCE 2018, ELON Musk’s Starlink has launched more than 3, 000 small satellites into orbit. This satellite network beams internet connections to hard-to-reach locations on Earth and has been a vital source of connectivity during Russia’s war in Ukraine. Today, Lennert Wouters, a security researcher at the Belgian university KU Leuven, will reveal one of the first security breakdowns of Starlink’s user terminals, the satellite dishes (dubbed Dishy McFlatface) that are positioned on people’s homes and buildings. To access the satellite dish’s software, Wouters physically stripped down a dish he purchased and created a custom hacking tool that can be attached to the Starlink dish. The hacking tool, a custom circuit board known as a modchip, uses off-the-shelf parts that cost around $25. Once attached to the Starlink dish, the homemade printed circuit board (PCB) is able to launch a fault injection attacktemporarily shorting the systemto help bypass Starlink’s security protections. This “glitch” allows Wouters to get into previously locked parts of the Starlink system.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Ensimmäinen WiFi7-reititin on täällä
https://etn.fi/index.php/13-news/13863-ensimmaeinen-wifi7-reititin-on-taeaellae
Qualcomm esitteli kesän alussa markkinoiden ensimmäisen tulevaa WiFi 7 -standardia eli IEEE 802.11be-määrityksiä tukevan reitittimien piirisarjansa. Nyt kiinalainen Hangzhou H3C Technologies on julkistanut maailman ensimmäisen WiFi7-reitittimen. Se yltää PHY-tasolla jopa 21 gigabitin datanopeuteen sekunnissa, kun käytössä ovat kaikki kolme taajuuskaistaa.
IEEE on näillä näkymillä saamassa 802.11be-standardin valmiiksi alkuvuodesta 2024, joten H3C on todella aikaisin reitittimensä kanssa. Toki on TechInsightsin mukaan mahdollista, että Qualcommin piirisarja on laiteohjelmistonsa osalta päivitettävissä tukemaan lopullista standardia, kun se valmistuu.
H3C:n reititin on ainakin tässä vaiheessa tarkoitettu Kiinan markkinoille. FCC:ssä ei ole vielä vireillä sertifiointia laitteelle, joten Yhdysvaltain markkinoille se ei ole tulossa.
Tomi Engdahl says:
21st Century wire tap? Spies could use fibre-optic broadband cables to EAVESDROP on people from over half a mile away, study shows
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-11057699/Fibre-optic-cables-used-eavesdrop-1km-away-study-says.html
Scientists have developed a system that picks up sound from fibre-optic cables
Fibre-optic cables use light pulses to transmit data and are used for broadband
But they are sensitive to changes in environmental pressure caused by sound
This security flaw may let snoopers eavesdrop on confidential conversations
Fibre-optic cables could be used to eavesdrop on people over half a mile away by detecting changes in light that occur when they speak, a new study shows.
Researchers in China have developed a system that picks up sound at one end of a fibre-optic cable and transmits the audio at the other end.
Fibre-optic cables use pulses of light to transmit data and are used to deliver full fibre broadband to people’s homes.
But they’re sensitive to changes in environmental pressure, which could be caused by acoustic waves, such as sound from someone speaking – a potential security risk.
‘These applications of optical fibre networks, including earthquake detection, urban traffic flow monitoring, underground geological structure exploration, have positive impacts on people’s production and life.
‘However, it also brings some potential security problems, which should be considered carefully.’
One type of broadband network architecture using optical fibre is known as fibre to the premises (FTTP).
As the name suggests, this is where fibre-optic cables run all the way to a premises, whether it be a house, flat building or office.
According to the current layout mode of FTTP, fibre up to several meters will be installed in residents’ homes.
But sound signals could be modulated onto the light wave that the fibre transmits, without installing any additional equipment in the resident’s home.
‘Optical fibres are very sensitive to vibration,’
For their study, the Chinese team created a system that detects changes in light that occur when someone speaks near optical fibre. Diagram from the paper presents the eavesdropping scheme
Tomi Engdahl says:
Man who built ISP instead of paying Comcast $50K expands to hundreds of homes
Jared Mauch gets $2.6 million from gov’t to expand fiber ISP in rural Michigan.
https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2022/08/man-who-built-isp-instead-of-paying-comcast-50k-expands-to-hundreds-of-homes/
Tomi Engdahl says:
The man who built his own ISP to avoid huge fees is expanding his service
Jared Mauch just received $2.6 million in funding to widen his service to 600 homes.
https://www.engadget.com/a-man-who-built-his-own-fiber-isp-to-get-better-internet-service-is-now-expanding-072049354.html
Tomi Engdahl says:
Starlink Ground Stations Successfully Hacked
https://hackaday.com/2022/08/14/starlink-ground-stations-successfully-hacked/
Belgian security researcher [Lennert Wouters] has gotten his own code running on the Starlink “Dishy McFlatface” satellite terminals, and you can too! The hack in question is a “modchip” with an RP2040 and a MOSFET that crowbars the power rails, browning out the main CPU exactly when it’s verifying the firmware’s validity and bypassing that protection entirely. [Lennert] had previously figured out how to dump the Starlink firmware straight from the eMMC, and with the ability to upload it back, the circle of pwnership is closed. This was a talk at DEFCON,
https://github.com/KULeuven-COSIC/Starlink-FI
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://blog.adafruit.com/2022/08/17/hacking-starlink-terminals-with-custom-code-starlink-hacking-wired/
Tomi Engdahl says:
Nokia: kuidussa 600 gigabittiä 600 kilometrin yli
https://etn.fi/index.php/13-news/13895-nokia-kuidussa-600-gigabittiae-600-kilometrin-yli
Nokia ilmoitti testanneensa onnistuneesti 600 gigabitin kuituyhteyttä Telekom Serbian ja MTEL:n optisessa siirtoverkossa. Testissä data liikkui Banja Lukasta Belgradiin välillä ja kytkennästä huolehti PSE-Vs-piirisarjaan pohjaava Nokia 1830 Photonic Service Switch -reititin.
600 kilometrin testireitti koostui kuudesta etapista, joiden välillä data meni C-F ROADM -solmujen kautta.
Tomi Engdahl says:
51,2 terabittiä sekunnissa yhdellä sirulla
https://etn.fi/index.php/13-news/13893-51-2-terabittiae-sekunnissa-yhdellae-sirulla
Datakeskuksissa kaistanleveyden kehitys on ollut hurjaa. Esimerkiksi palvelimien ethernet-kytkinten nopeus on kasvanut viimeisen 12 vuoden aikana 80-kertaiseksi samalla, kun niiden virrankulutus on kutistunut 95 prosenttia. Broadcomin uusin kytkinpiiri jatkaa samaa kehityspolkua.
Eilen esitelty StrataXGS Tomahawk 5 -kytkin yltää 51,2 terabitin datansiirtoon sekunnissa. Yhden ainoan kytkinpiirin läpi. Kaista on kaksinkertainen verrattuna kaksi vuotta sitten esiteltyyn Tomahawk 4 -kytkimeen. Ainakin verkkolaitteissa Mooren laki elää siis vahvasti.
Tomi Engdahl says:
How to Connect Two Routers Together to Boost Your Wi-Fi
BY
JOSH KO
PUBLISHED MAY 13, 2022
If you’ve got an old router lying around, don’t bin it. Use it to beam glorious Wi-Fi throughout your
https://www.makeuseof.com/how-connect-two-routers-together/#Echobox=1660709644
Tomi Engdahl says:
https://latesthackingnews.com/2022/08/15/researcher-hacked-space-x-starlink-via-a-25-tool/
Tomi Engdahl says:
And sometimes “solving” traffic problems in computer networks can just make things worse. This is now a proven fact.
The Math Proves It—Network Congestion Is Inevitable And sometimes “solving” traffic problems can just make things worse
https://spectrum.ieee.org/internet-congestion-control?share_id=7191736&socialux=facebook&utm_campaign=RebelMouse&utm_content=IEEE+Spectrum&utm_medium=social&utm_source=facebook#toggle-gdpr
MIT researchers discovered that algorithms designed to ensure greater fairness in network communications are unable to prevent situations where some users are hogging all the bandwidth.
Just as highway networks may suffer from snarls of traffic, so too may computer networks face congestion. Now a new study finds that many key algorithms designed to control these delays on computer networks may prove deeply unfair, letting some users hog all the bandwidth while others get essentially nothing.
These congestion-control algorithms aim to discover and exploit all the available network capacity while sharing it with other users on the same network.
Over the past decade, researchers have developed several congestion-control algorithms that seek to achieve high rates of data transmission while minimizing the delays resulting from data waiting in queues in the network. Some of these, such as Google’s BBR algorithm, are now widely used by many websites and applications.
“Extreme unfairness happens even when everybody cooperates, and it is nobody’s fault.”
—Venkat Arun, MIT
However, although hundreds of congestion-control algorithms have been proposed in the last roughly 40 years, “there is no clear winner,” says study lead author Venkat Arun, a computer scientist at MIT. “I was frustrated by how little we knew about where these algorithms would and would not work. This motivated me to create a mathematical model that could make more systematic predictions.”
Unexpectedly, Arun and his colleagues now find many congestion-control algorithms may prove highly unfair. Their new study finds that given the real-world complexity of network paths, there will always be a scenario where a problem known as “starvation” cannot be avoided—where at least one sender on a network receives almost no bandwidth compared to that of other users.
A user’s computer does not know how fast to send data packets because it lacks knowledge about the network, such as how many other senders are on it or the quality of the connection. Sending packets too slowly makes poor use of the available bandwidth. However, sending packets too quickly may overwhelm a network, resulting in packets getting dropped. These packets then need to be sent again, resulting in delays. Delays may also result from packets waiting in queues for a long time.
Congestion-control algorithms rely on packet losses and delays as details to infer congestion and decide how fast to send data. However, packets can get lost and delayed for reasons other than network congestion.
Congestion-control algorithms cannot distinguish the difference between delays caused by congestion and jitter. This can lead to problems, as delays caused by jitter are unpredictable. This ambiguity confuses senders, which can make each of them estimate delay differently and send packets at unequal rates. The researchers found this eventually leads to situations where starvation occurs and some users get shut out completely.
The scientists were surprised to find there were always scenarios with each algorithm where some people got all the bandwidth, and at least one person got basically nothing.
“Some users could be experiencing very poor performance, and we didn’t know about it sooner,” Arun says. “Extreme unfairness happens even when everybody cooperates, and it is nobody’s fault.”
The researchers found that all existing congestion-control algorithms that seek to curb delays are what they call “delay-convergent algorithms” that will always suffer from starvation. The fact that this weakness in these widely used algorithms remained unknown for so long is likely due to how empirical testing alone “could attribute poor performance to insufficient network capacity rather than poor algorithmic decision-making,” Arun says.
Although existing approaches toward congestion control may not be able to avoid starvation, the aim now is to develop a new strategy that does, Arun says. “Better algorithms can enable predictable performance at a reduced cost,” he says.
“We are currently using our method of modeling computer systems to reason about other algorithms that allocate resources in computer systems,”
Tomi Engdahl says:
Say Goobye to “No Cell Service”, SpaceX Announces Industry-Changing Starlink V2 Satellites
https://www.gizmochina.com/2022/08/26/spacex-announces-industry-changing-starlink-v2-satellites/
in 2022, technology has matured far enough that humans have finally found a solution to tackle the problem of providing cell service even in remote places that were previously unreachable by traditional cell signals.
In a live event today, US telecommunications provider, T-Mobile alongside the globally renowned aerospace company, SpaceX, introduced Starlink V2, the satellites that can directly transmit cell signals to mobile phones and Tesla cars from space.
The announcement today was mainly focused on Starlink V2’s implementation in the US with telecommunications provider T-Mobile. Under the new plan which they dubbed Coverage Above and Beyond, both companies will establish a new network using T-Mobile’s existing mid-band spectrum across the United States.
The main advantage of using an existing spectrum is that the majority of smartphones on its existing network will be able to connect to the new network without any need for new equipment.
Leveraging on SpaceX’s Starlink V2 satellites, the new network aims to eliminate cellular dead zones across the country.
Chief Engineer of SpaceX, Elon Musk says that for the new network, the deployment of Starlink V2 satellites will work great for texting and voice calls but not for usages that require high bandwidth. This is mainly because each cell zone under the new network can only deliver 2 to 4Mbps.
Although SpaceX’s Starlink V2 technology is only currently implemented in the USA, both SpaceX and T-Mobile shared their vision for expanding Coverage Above and Beyond globally, issuing an open invitation to the world’s carriers to collaborate for truly global connectivity.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Jared Newman / Fast Company:
In a first, Comcast and Charter both failed to grow internet subscribers in Q2 2022, as T-Mobile and Verizon roll out cheaper home internet powered by 5G — For years, Comcast and other cable companies have leaned on a simple strategy to offset the effects of cord-cutting …
Comcast and Charter face a grim new reality: actual competition
https://www.fastcompany.com/90782532/comcast-and-charter-face-a-grim-new-reality-actual-competition
Cheap home internet from T-Mobile and Verizon is here, and it’s already threatening the cable giants.
For years, Comcast and other cable companies have leaned on a simple strategy to offset the effects of cord-cutting: Charge a steep price on home internet service, and enjoy soaring profits thanks to little or no competition.
That strategy may now be in jeopardy. Comcast’s internet subscriber growth was essentially flat last quarter, while Charter lost 21,000 Spectrum internet subscribers. For both companies, it’s the first time they’ve failed to grow their home internet businesses in a given quarter.
The reason isn’t a mystery, either: All around the country, T-Mobile and Verizon have been rolling out cheap home internet service powered by their 5G networks, at last giving customers an alternative where none previously existed. In an earnings call, Comcast CEO Brian Roberts pointed to those carriers as a reason its broadband growth has hit a wall.
It’s a rude awakening for cable companies, whose broadband monopolies in many markets have allowed them to raise prices—and, in Comcast’s case, enforce data caps. While Comcast and Charter have tried to downplay the threat posed by wireless home internet, experts say the competition is here to stay.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Jack Stebbins / CNBC:
Royal Caribbean Cruises partners with SpaceX’s Starlink to offer internet onboard all its ships; installations are scheduled to be completed in early 2023 — – Royal Caribbean Cruises will begin offering onboard internet via SpaceX’s Starlink satellite network.
Royal Caribbean partners with SpaceX’s Starlink for onboard internet
https://www.cnbc.com/2022/08/30/royal-caribbean-partners-with-spacexs-starlink-for-onboard-internet.html
Royal Caribbean Cruises will begin offering onboard internet via SpaceX’s Starlink satellite network.
The partnership is an effort to combat historically bad internet connectivity when cruise ships are at sea.
The technology will be deployed across all Royal Caribbean-owned cruises beginning immediately, with installation scheduled to be completed early next year.
Tomi Engdahl says:
Wi-Fi 7: Wi-Fi Reimagined for the Connected World
July 28, 2022
Emerging wireless applications demand increased throughput and low latency from Wi-Fi. Here’s how next-generation Wi-Fi 7 is delivering on those requirements.
https://www.mwrf.com/technologies/systems/article/21247610/broadcom-wifi-7-wifi-reimagined-for-the-connected-world
What you’ll learn:
New features you’ll find in Wi-Fi 7.
What benefits will those features bring?
When will Wi-Fi 7 become available?
As Wi-Fi nears its 25th anniversary, the technology is so widespread that it’s effectively become a utility for many people. While Wi-Fi speeds have increased at a rate that mirrors Moore’s Law, the underlying technology was largely the same for the first 20 years of its life. It wasn’t until Wi-Fi 6 was launched in late 2018 that Wi-Fi operations could, for the first time, be scheduled, which led to a major increase in Wi-Fi efficiency.
Key Wi-Fi applications have embodied both the growth in speeds and the innovations that started with Wi-Fi 6. Fifteen years ago, 802.11n (a.k.a. Wi-Fi 4) was a great mechanism for delivery of connectivity to a handful of devices in a home or office. When 802.11ac (Wi-Fi 5) was introduced, its higher speeds quickly made it the primary delivery mechanism for mobile video and over-the-top streaming.
In turn, Wi-Fi 6 and 6E used scheduling to vastly improve the performance of real-time video conferencing and mobile uploading, and quickly became the dominant technology in the market. Since 2019, Broadcom has shipped more than 1 billion Wi-Fi 6/6E devices.1
Going forward, several usage trends are driving the next generation of Wi-Fi. With the increase in remote work and virtual provision of services, 2021 saw major increases in spending on mobile gaming and virtual-reality products, leading to increased focus on reducing latency in these applications.
In parallel, operators worldwide are preparing for the introduction of 10-Gb/s cable-modem and fiber-optic broadband connections to homes and businesses. In addition, the 6-GHz band is now available for Wi-Fi usage in nearly 50 countries, with more than 75 additional countries contemplating opening the 6-GHz band.
This is where Wi-Fi 7 comes in: Combining 6-GHz spectrum, scheduling enhancements, and high-speed broadband (Fig. 1), it provides the wireless backbone for whole home multi-gigabit service. Wi-Fi 7 also delivers high reliability for key future services like virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR) and next-generation mobile gaming.