Audio and video trends 2022

There’s no doubt that the audio visual industry has proven its ability to survive and thrive in trying times. Global events have facilitated the rapid evolution of audio visual technologies, and these only continue to advance. Here are some audio visual trends for 2022 collected from many sources (click the link colored to text to get to the information source):

Growing consumer demand for audio content: People are listening to all forms of audio content: news, music, podcasts and books. Nielsen reports 75 per cent of people working from home are streaming music every week, with 40 per cent tuning in daily.

Rapid smart speaker adoption: Smart speakers and voice assistants are becoming common home appliances. One-third of U.S. households are equipped with smart speakers and 44 per cent of U.S. adults use voice assistants. Smart speakers let listeners to respond to ads using voice commands. Consumers are rapidly embracing voice to access information, entertain themselves and shop. The ability to instantly answer consumers’ questions and help them solve problems is becoming a key advantage for marketers who lean into audio.

Digital Audio is becoming multi-devices: Historically, digital audio has been widely consumed via mobile devices; it can now also be launched from a variety of new technologies including tablets, connected speakers, TVs and even smart watches.

Prosumer audio: Prosumer audio gear has remained on a steady upward curve over the last few years. With podcasting, live streaming, and at-home work solutions more popular than ever, it’s been a fantastic few years for prosumer audio sales. Their need for reliable, slightly elevated gear to take their content to the next level is proving highly profitable for certain companies.

Social sound: Audio fans are getting more social than ever, thanks to new apps that allow like-minded users to communicate without the screen fatigue or doom-scrolling associated with photo and video-based social networks.

3D audio: Spatial or 3D audio has firmly found its footing in the video game industry, with Sony and Microsoft’s next-gen consoles both natively supporting the feature.

Content Still Rules: Audiophiles are fiercely loyal to their favorite DJs, hosts, podcasters, artists and stations. As a result, they’re spending more time than ever listening to audio daily. Listeners consume programming on their own terms.

Streaming rules: Streaming music now account for more than 85% of all music enjoyed. Only 6% of music is now downloaded, even less than is physically purchased in the form of records, CDs, or the last tapes.

TikTok has caused a seismic shift in the world of content creation, skewing it ever further into a mobile-first industry. To capitalise on the market, more and more mobile-friendly gear is being created, forgoing the need for hundreds of adaptors and plugging straight into AUX, USB-C, or iPhone ports (or working wirelessly).

Many amplifier technologies in use: While classic class AB amplifiers are more and more often replaced with class D amplifier technology, there is still special audiophile markets for class A amplifiers and tube based amplifiers. New technology just coming to the class D amplifiers are GaN-based audio amplifier powered with switch mode power supply. They promise premium audio systems with good sound quality in a small and light format.

Vinyl records: Vinyl is here to stay, it seems, despite all technological advances that would have seemed to threaten it. Vinyl records (and coincidentally, cassette tapes) are selling like hot cakes again. Vinyl sales have been steadily rising for some time, but in 2020 for the first time in 34 years, vinyl has surpassed CD sales.

Streaming has killed CD: CDs sales are continuously and quickly declining thanks to streaming and music flash drives.

The race to wireless zero latency: Companies around the world are racing to find a solution that all but eliminates latency from wireless audio, removing the need for cables in an increasingly space, waste, and aesthetically-conscious world.

Green screens: As events become more hybrid, green screens will play a significant role, enabling speakers to be placed directly in the content becoming part of the message. Green screens are a great cost-effective way to insert branding and infographics, which works perfectly for online events and we will see them become adopted further for conferences. There are also cameras with depth sense features and software that can use pretty many background for green screen type effects without building a real green screen.

Hybrid events: Events have had to embrace the constant mix of who can attend, who can possibly attend and who is not afraid to attend and as such have flipped to hybrid. Although not necessarily an AV trend, hybrid events are unsurprisingly on the increase as people work from home and corporate travel is halted. In those events content needs to be clear and targeted to get the information across efficiently. There is demand for standalone apps that can enhance hybrid events such as Slack, Slido and Survey Monkey.

4k UHD: We will see more quality content produced in 4K UHD to ensure graphics can stand up to the state-of-the-art vision sources that are being employed in venues. If you are not creating content in 4K UHD then you are not taking advantage of all that is available to project your message.

Touchless Environments: COVID-19 has accelerated the desire for automation and touchless environments from a nice-to-have to a must-have. They minimize the amount that people come into contact with shared surfaces. Following the throes of COVID-19, it appears that touchless building controls are here to stay.

Remote Control And Remote Management: We’re seeing an increase in demand for remote management software that allows one person, or a small group of people, to log into a remote system and review the status of a set of classrooms or meeting spaces. Increasingly in 2022, companies can implement remote monitoring and maintenance for audio visual systems to support the advancement of technology. Whether your organization is expansive or small, remote audio visual support teams can significantly reduce operating costs for your business.

Live Streaming: As more people look to tune into events from home, we’re seeing an increased need for equipment that supports live streaming.

Video Walls: In many commercial spaces, there’s often a need for a large video display. In past years, many spaces have opted for projection screens as opposed to large LCD displays or video walls, solely because the cost was much lower. The price of video walls getting close to similar to a projection screen, and the benefits almost always outweigh the slightly higher cost.

Service And Maintenance: As more commercial spaces look for ways to save, there’s been an increasing demand for AV integrators to handle service and maintenance in order to maximize the lifespan of AV products. Businesses are focussing on reducing the overhead costs associated with maintaining and installing the equipment. Companies having expertise in sectors other than AV cannot have a dedicated team to manage and monitor their AV equipment.

Snake oil: Many audiophiles are infected by the snake oil curse, which causes them to chase endlessly after what is supposedly better sound reproduction. Audio interconnect and speaker cables have become a profitable business built on imaginative marketing and misinformation. This market now extends into power cords, HDMI, and optical cables. Untold sums of money have been wasted on the fanciful claims of cable vendors. There is lots of ridiculous pieces of pseudo-audiophile nonsense out there. Try to avoid this bullshit in 2022. Try to to restore peace of mind, and the enjoyment of music.

Hybrid environment: Although some employees are returning to the office, it is doubtful that society will return to an entirely on-site work environment. Remote workspaces from 2020-21 on will now be ‘Hybrid’ (home and office). AV technologies are playing a crucial role in creating a modern working environment. Hybrid technologies are changing their form, we had just a Skype call before the pandemic and now we have Zoom, Microsoft Team Rooms, Google Meet, etc with more advanced features allowing space for seamless collaboration and communication. Hybrid environments are expected to go beyond that with continuous innovation and development. Remote employees, distant customers, healthcare providers, and educational institutions can utilize unified communication solutions. It is now increasingly important to adopt technologies that make collaboration easier. At one time, frequent video communications, online learning, and compact hardware design were ambitious audio visual innovations that were hard for people to imagine. Today, they’re top priorities for business, educational, and religious spaces of all types, and are critical to how people interact in those spaces.

Silent Video Gains Momentum: It’s estimated that 85% of short videos viewed on Facebook are watched without sound. Yet as much as 41% of video would be incomprehensible to viewers without sound. Video marketers are using captions, context and other “no-audio” tactics to convey information.

Social Media Goes Video-First: video content is one of the internet’s main attractions. Users are being drawn to video-first platforms. One of the most common reasons people use social media is to view video. But with video streaming set to be as much as 82% of total web traffic by 2022, the importance of video content to marketing strategy is massive and still growing.

Digital audio: Digital audio consumption accelerated in 2021 and commercial engagement followed the audiences. In 2022 we foresee three key commercial trends in the digital audio space: Data-led targeting capabilities provide a powerful way to get advertising cut through, Creativity is a constant rather than a ‘trend’ in advertising and Audience Growth is attracting new advertisers. Programmatic audio is divided into three main supply sources – music streaming (through suppliers like Spotify), podcasts (the biggest opportunity for brands), and online broadcast radio (now more attractive with the addition of data overlay opportunities). Amongst these audio heavyweights we can see emerging innovation in the form of conversational and actionable audio ads.

Virtual and Augmented Reality: Although virtual and augmented reality first entered the public consciousness via video games or social media filters, they are now infiltrating every aspect of our lives. Given the rapid evolution of technology, it is inevitable that these advancements will impact the audio visual industry. Companies specializing in the development of VR and AR technologies are noticing an increase in interest from educational institutions wishing to create an enhanced learning experience. Within the healthcare sector, VR solutions are assisting healthcare professionals with socializing medically isolated patients. Virtual reality has been in development within the audio visual industry for many years. In 2022, virtual reality is becoming mainstream. Or at least tries.

Shift from linear TV to streaming: Video streaming goes beyond traditional TV viewing for people under 45. The lion’s share of viewing by those over 45 is still grabbed by linear television.

964 Comments

  1. Tomi Engdahl says:

    The Moondrop MIAD 01: A Smartphone With Balanced Audio Output
    https://hackaday.com/2024/05/09/the-moondrop-miad-01-a-smartphone-with-balanced-audio-output/

    Over the past several years we have seen smartphones regrettably lose features which were once standard, such as FM radios, IR blasters, status LEDs, physical buttons, micro SD card slots, and of course headphone jacks. An interesting counterpoint here regarding the latter is the newly released Moondrop MIAD 01 smartphone.

    As a relatively well-known manufacturer of audio equipment including in-ear monitors (IEMs), the announcement of a smartphone came out of left field, but the specifications make sense. Of particular interest are the dual audio jacks: one 3.5 mm TRRS and one 4.4 mm balanced TRRS, making it a good match for high-end headphones that support balanced audio.

    While the smartphone hardware is your average mid-range selection, featuring a MediaTek Dimensity 7050 SoC — its main selling point are the dual Cirrus Logic MasterHiFi DACs, that power the dual audio jacks. It’s also the reason behind the name: Mobile Internet Audio Device, or MIAD for short.

    Reply
  2. Tomi Engdahl says:

    Miss your phone’s headphone jack? The Moondrop Miad 01 brings it back
    News
    By Scott Younker
    published April 30, 2024

    New Moondrop Android phone targets audiophiles with built-in DAC and dual headphone jacks

    https://www.tomsguide.com/phones/android-phones/miss-your-phones-headphone-jack-the-moondrop-miad-01-brings-it-back

    Reply
  3. Tomi Engdahl says:

    Nikkei Asia:
    Foxconn’s Sharp shifts focus to consumer electronics and AI after decision to exit TV display production, and is looking to sell its camera, chip device units

    Foxconn’s Sharp pivots to AI after decision to exit TV display production
    https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Technology/Foxconn-s-Sharp-pivots-to-AI-after-decision-to-exit-TV-display-production

    TOKYO/TAIPEI — Japanese electronics maker Sharp said on Tuesday that it will halt work at its unprofitable TV displays factory in Osaka and sell other device businesses as it shifts focus to consumer electronics and artificial intelligence applications.

    The company is a subsidiary of Taiwan’s Hon Hai Precision Industry, also known as Foxconn, the world’s largest contract electronics maker.

    “We are in a downward spiral … We can’t invest enough on our promising brand business [including consumer electronics], because Sharp’s ability to generate cash is not improving,” President and CEO Wu Po-hsuan said in an online press conference.

    Sharp said it will end production at its major display factory for TVs in Sakai, a seaside city in Osaka, by September this year. It will cut production of smaller panels at other factories, and will also consider selling some device businesses, including smartphone camera parts and semiconductors for displays. Sharp is “in talks [with] Foxconn and other companies” to sell these businesses, Wu said.

    Reply
  4. Tomi Engdahl says:

    Janko Roettgers / The Verge:
    An interview with Netflix’s senior encoding technology director Anne Aaron about the company’s cutting-edge codecs, preparing for livestreaming, and more

    Inside Netflix’s bet on advanced video encoding
    How cutting-edge codecs and obsessive tweaks have helped Netflix to stay ahead of the curve — until now.
    https://www.theverge.com/2024/6/22/24171581/netflix-bet-advanced-encoding-anne-aaron

    Reply
  5. Tomi Engdahl says:

    Hawk Tuah -ilmiö villitsi somen – Tästä seksivinkistä puhuvat nyt kaikki
    Öinen katuhaastattelu nousi hetkessä ilmiöksi.
    https://www.iltalehti.fi/viihdeuutiset/a/eca70abc-fcf0-4176-af74-2c3384264c0f

    Reply
  6. Tomi Engdahl says:

    Samsung Unveils Versatile Image Sensors for Superior Smartphone Photography
    https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-unveils-versatile-image-sensors-for-superior-smartphone-photography

    New lineup features industry-leading 200MP and 50MP sensors, bridging the gap between main and sub cameras for enhanced imaging across all angles

    Samsung Electronics, a world leader in advanced semiconductor technology, today announced three new mobile image sensors designed for both main and sub cameras in smartphones: the ISOCELL HP9, the ISOCELL GNJ and the ISOCELL JN5.

    As user expectations for smartphone camera quality and performance continue to rise, Samsung’s latest image sensors deliver stunning results from every angle, setting a new standard for mobile photography.

    “Enhancing image sensor performance and bridging the gap between main and sub cameras to offer a consistent photography experience across all angles is the new direction of the industry,” said Jesuk Lee, Executive Vice President and CTO of the System LSI Sensor Business Team at Samsung Electronics. “We will continue to set industry standards and push technological boundaries with our new lineup of mobile sensors that integrate the latest advancements.”

    ISOCELL HP9: The Industry’s First 200MP Telephoto Sensor for Smartphones

    The ISOCELL HP9 features 200 million 0.56-micrometer (μm) pixels in a 1/1.4-inch optical format.

    With its proprietary high-refractive microlens featuring a new material, the HP9 significantly enhances light-gathering capability by directing more light accurately to the corresponding RGB color filter. This results in more vivid color reproduction and improved focus with 12% better light sensitivity (based on signal-to-noise ratio 10) and 10% improved autofocus contrast performance compared to the previous product.

    Notably, the HP9 excels in low-light conditions, addressing a common challenge for traditional telephoto cameras. Its Tetra²pixel technology merges 16 pixels (4×4) into a large, 12MP 2.24μm-sized sensor, enabling sharper portrait shots — even in dark settings — and creating dramatic out-of-focus bokeh1 effects.

    As main cameras in premium smartphones grow in size, the room for telephoto cameras is also increasing. The HP9’s large optical format makes it suitable for telephoto modules, delivering performance that matches premium main cameras in image quality, autofocus, high dynamic range (HDR) and frames per second (fps).

    Powered by a remosaic algorithm, the HP9 offers 2x or 4x in-sensor zoom modes, achieving up to 12x zoom when paired with a 3x zoom telephoto module, all while maintaining crisp image quality.

    ISOCELL GNJ: Integrating Cutting-Edge Pixel Technology Innovations

    The ISOCELL GNJ is a dual pixel sensor with 50 million 1.0μm pixels in a 1/1.57-inch optical format.

    Each pixel houses two photodiodes, enabling fast and accurate autofocus, similar to the way human eyes focus. The image sensor also simultaneously captures full color information for quick focusing with sustained image quality.

    The GNJ combines dual pixel technology with an in-sensor zoom function to deliver clearer footage in video mode and higher-resolution images free from artifacts or moiré2 patterns in photo mode.

    All of these innovations have been achieved with less power consumption, featuring a 29% improvement in preview mode and 34% in video mode at 4K 60fps.

    ISOCELL JN5: Consistent Camera Experience From Every Angle With Broad Color Range and Excellent Autofocus

    The ISOCELL JN5 features 50 million 0.64μm pixels in a 1/2.76-inch optical format.

    Dual vertical transfer gate (Dual VTG) technology increases charge transfer within pixels, substantially reducing noise in extreme low light conditions for clearer image quality.

    Leveraging Super Quad Phase Detection (Super QPD), the JN5 adjusts focus by comparing phase differences both vertically and horizontally, catching even the smallest details of rapidly moving objects with minimal shake.

    Additionally, the JN5 incorporates dual slope gain (DSG) technology to enhance its HDR. This technology amplifies the analog light information entering the pixels into two signals, converts them into digital, and then combines them into one data, expanding the range of colors that the sensor can produce.

    Implementing hardware remosaic algorithms improves camera shooting speed while enabling real-time zoom in both preview and capture modes without any delay.

    Reply
  7. Tomi Engdahl says:

    Las Vegas’ dystopia-sphere, powered by 150 Nvidia GPUs and drawing up to 28,000,000 watts, is both a testament to the hubris of humanity and an admittedly impressive technical feat
    News
    By Andy Edser published 11 July 2024
    The Las Vegas Sphere might have an impressive spec sheet, but its energy demands are almost as staggering.
    https://www.pcgamer.com/hardware/las-vegas-dystopia-sphere-powered-by-150-nvidia-gpus-and-drawing-up-to-28000000-watts-is-both-a-testament-to-the-hubris-of-humanity-and-an-admittedly-impressive-technical-feat/#lykecwfpwxh33hif5gn

    Now Nvidia has revealed that the displays of the now-iconic Las Vegas Sphere—a gigantic spherical entertainment arena sitting at the heart of Sin City—are powered by 150 of its RTX A6000 desktop workstation GPUs.

    For those that like big numbers, well, hold onto your hats. Each of those GPUs feature over 10,752 cores, 48 GB of memory and have a 300 W TDP, for a grand total of 1,612,800 cores, 7,200 GB of GDDR6 memory, and a potential maximum power draw of 45,000 W at full tilt (via Wccftech).

    And that’s just the beginning of the staggering figures. Those GPUs power 16 internal displays, each with a resolution of 16K, alongside 1.2 million programmable LED pucks coating the exterior of the sphere. Content is streamed from an outside facility using Nvidia BlueField DPUs and ConnectX-6 DX NICs via Nvidia’s Rivermax media streaming software, which ensures everything stays in sync across all those screens.

    All of that hardware comes at a cost. Beyond the $2.3 billion spent on its construction, it’s estimated that the Sphere is capable of drawing 28,000,000 watts of power.

    Reply
  8. Tomi Engdahl says:

    https://subpac.com/

    What is SUBPAC?
    SUBPAC is a patented tactile audio system that provides a new high-resolution immersive experience to all media- feel it.

    SUBPAC quietly and accurately transfers deep bass frequencies to create an immersive, physical, full-body experience.

    Reply
  9. Tomi Engdahl says:

    JPEG is Dying – And that’s a bad thing
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FlWjf8asI4Y

    JPEG XL faces fierce competition from AVIF. And Google. A bit of both

    0:00 – What is JPEG?
    1:20 – JPEG XL
    2:07 – AVIF
    3:08 – JPEG XL’s Strengths
    4:58 – AVIF Support
    6:43 – I compress 90,000 images for science

    Reply
  10. Tomi Engdahl says:

    Varo tätä virhettä tv-ostoksilla: voit maksaa ihan turhasta
    https://www.is.fi/digitoday/art-2000010617456.html

    Reply
  11. Tomi Engdahl says:

    Itävaltalainen Streamview lopettaa Nokian brändin käyttämisen televisioissaan, kertoo Nokiamob-sivusto. Streamview on ilmoittanut myyvänsä älytelevisioitaan jatkossa Thomson-brändin alla.

    https://www.iltalehti.fi/digiuutiset/a/1ff5f35d-daf8-4447-9479-17f06c42079f

    Nokia reshaping its company strategy and brand
    https://nokiamob.net/2023/02/26/nokia-reshaping-its-company-strategy-and-brand/#google_vignette

    Reply
  12. Tomi Engdahl says:

    Building A Sound Camera For Under $400
    https://hackaday.com/2024/10/10/building-a-sound-camera-for-under-400/

    [Benn Jordan] had an idea. He’d heard of motion amplification technology, where cameras are used to capture tiny vibrations in machinery and then visually amplify it for engineering analysis. This is typically the preserve of high-end industrial equipment, but [Benn] wondered if it really had to be this way. Armed with a modern 4K smartphone camera and the right analysis techniques, could he visually capture sound?

    The video first explores commercially available “acoustic cameras” which are primarily sold business-to-business at incredibly high prices. However, [Benn] suspected he could build something similar on the cheap. He started out with a 16-channel microphone that streams over USB for just $275, sourced from MiniDSP, and paired it with a Raspberry Pi 5 running the acoular framework for acoustic beamforming. Acoular analyses multichannel audio and visualizes them so you can locate sound sources. He added a 1080p camera, and soon enough, was able to overlay sound location data over the video stream. He was able to locate a hawk in a tree using this technique, which was pretty cool, and the total rig came in somewhere under $400.

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5ynZ3lMQJc

    Reply
  13. Tomi Engdahl says:

    Videonics: The Dawn Of Home Video Editing, Revisited
    https://hackaday.com/2024/11/11/videonics-the-dawn-of-home-video-editing-revisited/

    Here’s a slice of history that will make any retro-tech fan grin: before TikTok and iMovie, there was a beast called the Videonics DirectED Plus. This early attempt at democratizing video editing saved enthusiasts from six-figure pro setups—but only barely. Popular Science recently brought this retro marvel back to life in a video made using the very system that inspired it. Picture it: 1987, VHS at its peak, where editing your kid’s jazz recital video required not just love but the patience of a saint, eight VCRs, three Videonics units, two camcorders, and enough remotes to operate a space shuttle.

    The Videonics DirectED Plus held promise with a twist. It offered a way to bypass monstrous editing rigs, yet mastering its panel of buttons felt like deciphering hieroglyphs.

    How to Make a YouTube Video in 1987
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4MVEqA6jz1s

    Reply
  14. Tomi Engdahl says:

    Lyhytvideot – tehokas ratkaisu yrityksesi sosiaalisen median markkinointiin
    Sosiaalinen media on muuttanut tapaa, jolla yritykset viestivät asiakkaidensa kanssa. Viestiä pitää pystyä välittämään nopeasti, kiinnostavasti ja osuvasti. TikTok, Instagram Reels, YouTube Shorts ja LinkedIn ovat nousseet avainkanaviksi, joissa lyhytvideot hallitsevat yleisön huomiota. Lyhytvideoiden avulla yrityksesi voi erottua kilpailijoista, lisätä sitoutumista ja kasvattaa näkyvyyttä tehokkaasti.
    https://www.ankkurimedia.fi/palvelu/lyhytvideot/

    Reply
  15. Tomi Engdahl says:

    Erich Schwartzel / Wall Street Journal:
    A look at Universal’s strategy for launching a blockbuster franchise based on Wicked, whose stage show has reaped major profits for Universal over 20+ years

    Inside Hollywood’s Big ‘Wicked’ Gamble
    Universal’s strategy for launching a blockbuster franchise is about to be ‘just short of obnoxious.’ It’s the new industry playbook.
    https://www.wsj.com/articles/wicked-movie-marketing-strategy-a89ef31d?st=8DbAq9&reflink=desktopwebshare_permalink

    Reply
  16. Tomi Engdahl says:

    Double Bass Arrays
    Reducing the impact of low frequency room resonances using multiple bass drivers.

    Controlled Acoustically Bass System (CABS), the PhD Thesis of Adrian Celestinos, is available at link below.
    vbn.aau.dk/en/publications/low-frequency-sound-field-enhancement-system-for-rectangular-room

    https://audioxpress.com/article/simulation-techniques-double-bass-arrays

    Reply
  17. Tomi Engdahl says:

    Don’t Sell That Old Camera: Hack It to Take Stunning Photos Like These
    My old Canon 6D was gathering dust. But converting it to shoot infrared gave it a whole new life.
    https://www.cnet.com/tech/computing/dont-sell-that-old-camera-hack-it-to-take-stunning-photos-like-these/

    Reply
  18. Tomi Engdahl says:

    New ‘Sound Bubble’ Tech Lets You Hear Conversations Clearer Even in Crowded Spaces
    https://www.headphonesty.com/2024/11/headphones-create-sound-bubble/

    Reply
  19. Tomi Engdahl says:

    https://www.uusiteknologia.fi/2024/12/02/tallentava-kamera-merkkilaseihin-ledi-varoitukseksi/

    Amerikkalaisen Ray-Banin Meta-älylasit lupaavat tehdä hetkien tallentamisesta ja jakamisesta vaivattomampaa ilman kädessä mukana kulkevaa älypuhelinta. Kameran lisäksi laseihin on onneksi integroitu vilkkuva ledi varoitukseksi.

    Reply
  20. Tomi Engdahl says:

    Mikrofoni on luvasta vapaa, jos se toimii vain luvasta vapautetuilla taajuuksilla. Mikrofonin käyttäjä saa valita toimintataajuuden, mutta taajuuden pitää olla väliltä 174–195 MHz, 216–225 MHz, 470–694 MHz, 823–832 MHz, 863–865 MHz tai 1785–1804,8 MHz.

    https://www.traficom.fi/fi/viestinta/radioluvat-ja-taajuudet/langattomien-kameroiden-videolinkkien-ja-mikrofonien-taajuudet

    Reply

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